Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
Representational difference analysis was used to isolate unique sequences present in more than 90 percent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissues obtained from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These sequences were not present in tissue DNA from non-AIDS patients, but were present in 15 percent of non-KS tissue DNA samples from AIDS patients. The sequences are homologous to, but distinct from, capsid and tegument protein genes of the Gammaherpesvirinae, herpesvirus saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus. These KS-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) sequences appear to define a new human herpesvirus.
Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991.
OBJECTIVE To examine trends in overweight prevalence and body mass index of the US adult population. DESIGN Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys with an in-person interview and a medical examination, including measurement of height and weight. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Between 6000 and 13,000 adults aged 20 through 74 years examined in each of four separate national surveys during 1960 to 1962 (the first National Health Examination Survey [NHES I]), 1971 to 1974 (the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES I]), 1976 to 1980 (NHANES II), and 1988 to 1991 (NHANES III phase 1). RESULTS In the period 1988 to 1991, 33.4% of US adults 20 years of age or older were estimated to be overweight. Comparisons of the 1988 to 1991 overweight prevalence estimates with data from earlier surveys indicate dramatic increases in all race/sex groups. Overweight prevalence increased 8% between the 1976 to 1980 and 1988 to 1991 surveys. During this period, for adult men and women aged 20 through 74 years, mean body mass index increased from 25.3 to 26.3; mean body weight increased 3.6 kg. CONCLUSIONS These nationally representative data document a substantial increase in overweight among US adults and support the findings of other investigations that show notable increases in overweight during the past decade. These observations suggest that the Healthy People 2000 objective of reducing the prevalence of overweight US adults to no more than 20% may not be met by the year 2000. Understanding the reasons underlying the increase in the prevalence of overweight in the United States and elucidating the potential consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality present a challenge to our understanding of the etiology, treatment, and prevention of overweight.
TRANSFAC®: transcriptional regulation, from patterns to profiles
The TRANSFAC database on eukaryotic transcriptional regulation, comprising data on transcription factors, their target genes and regulatory binding sites, has been extended and further developed, both in number of entries and in the scope and structure of the collected data. Structured fields for expression patterns have been introduced for transcription factors from human and mouse, using the CYTOMER database on anatomical structures and developmental stages. The functionality of Match, a tool for matrix-based search of transcription factor binding sites, has been enhanced. For instance, the program now comes along with a number of tissue-(or state-)specific profiles and new profiles can be created and modified with Match Profiler. The GENE table was extended and gained in importance, containing amongst others links to LocusLink, RefSeq and OMIM now. Further, (direct) links between factor and target gene on one hand and between gene and encoded factor on the other hand were introduced. The TRANSFAC public release is available at http://www.gene-regulation.com. For yeast an additional release including the latest data was made available separately as TRANSFAC Saccharomyces Module (TSM) at http://transfac.gbf.de. For CYTOMER free download versions are available at http://www.biobase.de:8080/index.html.
A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing.
A self-administered diet history questionnaire has been developed for epidemiologic and clinical use. Both the food list and the nutrient values to be associated with it were developed using dietary data from 11,658 adult respondents to the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Food items were selected on the basis of their contribution to total population intake of energy and each of 17 nutrients in the NHANES II data, and represent over 90% of each of those nutrients. Associated nutrient composition values were determined from the NHANES II database using frequency of consumption data in that survey. Portion sizes to be associated with each food item were derived from observed portion size distributions in NHANES II, based on three-dimensional models. The resulting food list and its corresponding brief data base, when used to calculate nutrients from a diet record, yielded correlations of r greater than 0.70 with the more detailed method. Field administration produced mean values comparable to national data.
MatInspector and beyond: promoter analysis based on transcription factor binding sites
MOTIVATION Promoter analysis is an essential step on the way to identify regulatory networks. A prerequisite for successful promoter analysis is the prediction of potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) with reasonable accuracy. The next steps in promoter analysis can be tackled only with reliable predictions, e.g. finding phylogenetically conserved patterns or identifying higher order combinations of sites in promoters of co-regulated genes. RESULTS We present a new version of the program MatInspector that identifies TFBS in nucleotide sequences using a large library of weight matrices. By introducing a matrix family concept, optimized thresholds, and comparative analysis, the enhanced program produces concise results avoiding redundant and false-positive matches. We describe a number of programs based on MatInspector allowing in-depth promoter analysis (DiAlignTF, FrameWorker) and targeted design of regulatory sequences (SequenceShaper).
A scalable location service for geographic ad hoc routing
GLS is a new distributed location service which tracks mobile node locations. GLS combined with geographic forwarding allows the construction of ad hoc mobile networks that scale to a larger number of nodes than possible with previous work. GLS is decentralized and runs on the mobile nodes themselves, requiring no fixed infrastructure. Each mobile node periodically updates a small set of other nodes (its location servers) with its current location. A node sends its position updates to its location servers without knowing their actual identities, assisted by a predefined ordering of node identifiers and a predefined geographic hierarchy. Queries for a mobile node's location also use the predefined identifier ordering and spatial hierarchy to find a location server for that node. Experiments using the ns simulator for up to 600 mobile nodes show that the storage and bandwidth requirements of GLS grow slowly with the size of the network. Furthermore, GLS tolerates node failures well: each failure has only a limited effect and query performance degrades gracefully as nodes fail and restart. The query performance of GLS is also relatively insensitive to node speeds. Simple geographic forwarding combined with GLS compares favorably with Dynamic Source Routing (DSR): in larger networks (over 200 nodes) our approach delivers more packets, but consumes fewer network resources.
Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity.
CONTEXT As the prevalence of obesity increases in the United States, concern over the association of body weight with excess mortality has also increased. OBJECTIVE To estimate deaths associated with underweight (body mass index [BMI] <18.5), overweight (BMI 25 to <30), and obesity (BMI > or =30) in the United States in 2000. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We estimated relative risks of mortality associated with different levels of BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (1971-1975) and NHANES II (1976-1980), with follow-up through 1992, and from NHANES III (1988-1994), with follow-up through 2000. These relative risks were applied to the distribution of BMI and other covariates from NHANES 1999-2002 to estimate attributable fractions and number of excess deaths, adjusted for confounding factors and for effect modification by age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of excess deaths in 2000 associated with given BMI levels. RESULTS Relative to the normal weight category (BMI 18.5 to <25), obesity (BMI > or =30) was associated with 111,909 excess deaths (95% confidence interval [CI], 53,754-170,064) and underweight with 33,746 excess deaths (95% CI, 15,726-51,766). Overweight was not associated with excess mortality (-86,094 deaths; 95% CI, -161,223 to -10,966). The relative risks of mortality associated with obesity were lower in NHANES II and NHANES III than in NHANES I. CONCLUSIONS Underweight and obesity, particularly higher levels of obesity, were associated with increased mortality relative to the normal weight category. The impact of obesity on mortality may have decreased over time, perhaps because of improvements in public health and medical care. These findings are consistent with the increases in life expectancy in the United States and the declining mortality rates from ischemic heart disease.
Variable Precision Rough Set Model
A generalized model of rough sets called variable precision model (VP-model), aimed at modelling classification problems involving uncertain or imprecise information, is presented. The generalized model inherits all basic mathematical properties of the original model introduced by Pawlak. The main concepts are introduced formally and illustrated with simple examples. The application of the model to analysis of knowledge representation systems is also discussed.
Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition.
The chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome is a poorly defined symptom complex characterized primarily by chronic or recurrent debilitating fatigue and various combinations of other symptoms, including sore throat, lymph node pain and tenderness, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias. Although the syndrome has received recent attention, and has been diagnosed in many patients, the chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome has not been defined consistently. Despite the name of the syndrome, both the diagnostic value of Epstein-Barr virus serologic tests and the proposed causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and patients who have been diagnosed with the chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome remain doubtful. We propose a new name for the chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome--the chronic fatigue syndrome--that more accurately describes this symptom complex as a syndrome of unknown cause characterized primarily by chronic fatigue. We also present a working definition for the chronic fatigue syndrome designed to improve the comparability and reproducibility of clinical research and epidemiologic studies, and to provide a rational basis for evaluating patients who have chronic fatigue of undetermined cause.
JASPAR: an open-access database for eukaryotic transcription factor binding profiles
The analysis of regulatory regions in genome sequences is strongly based on the detection of potential transcription factor binding sites. The preferred models for representation of transcription factor binding specificity have been termed position-specific scoring matrices. JASPAR is an open-access database of annotated, high-quality, matrix-based transcription factor binding site profiles for multicellular eukaryotes. The profiles were derived exclusively from sets of nucleotide sequences experimentally demonstrated to bind transcription factors. The database is complemented by a web interface for browsing, searching and subset selection, an online sequence analysis utility and a suite of programming tools for genome-wide and comparative genomic analysis of regulatory regions. JASPAR is available at http://jaspar. cgb.ki.se.
Adoptive cell transfer therapy following non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma.
PURPOSE We investigated the combination of lymphodepleting chemotherapy followed by the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor reactive lymphocytes for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with metastatic melanoma, all but one with disease refractory to treatment with high-dose interleukin (IL) -2 and many with progressive disease after chemotherapy, underwent lymphodepleting conditioning with two days of cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg) followed by five days of fludarabine (25 mg/m(2)). On the day following the final dose of fludarabine, all patients received cell infusion with autologous tumor-reactive, rapidly expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocyte cultures and high-dose IL-2 therapy. RESULTS Eighteen (51%) of 35 treated patients experienced objective clinical responses including three ongoing complete responses and 15 partial responses with a mean duration of 11.5 +/- 2.2 months. Sites of regression included metastases to lung, liver, lymph nodes, brain, and cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. Toxicities of treatment included the expected hematologic toxicities of chemotherapy including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia, the transient toxicities of high-dose IL-2 therapy, two patients who developed Pneumocystis pneumonia and one patient who developed an Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferation. CONCLUSION Lymphodepleting chemotherapy followed by the transfer of highly avid antitumor lymphocytes can mediate significant tumor regression in heavily pretreated patients with IL-2 refractory metastatic melanoma.
Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among u.s. Adults.
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is high among U.S. adults. Our purpose was to determine whether the prevalence of this syndrome has changed since 1988-1994. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 6,436 men and women aged > or = 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and 1,677 participants from NHANES 1999-2000 were included in the analyses. We used the definition of the metabolic syndrome developed by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. RESULTS The unadjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 23.1% in NHANES III and 26.7% in NHANES 1999-2000 (P = 0.043), and the age-adjusted prevalences were 24.1 and 27.0% (P = 0.088), respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence increased by 23.5% among women (P = 0.021) and 2.2% among men (P = 0.831). Increases in high blood pressure, waist circumference, and hypertriglyceridemia accounted for much of the increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, particularly among women. CONCLUSIONS The increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is likely to lead to future increases in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes
Noncoding regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) of cellular and viral origin control gene expression by repressing the translation of mRNAs into protein. Interestingly, miRNAs are secreted actively through small vesicles called “exosomes” that protect them from degradation by RNases, suggesting that these miRNAs may function outside the cell in which they were produced. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs secreted by EBV-infected cells are transferred to and act in uninfected recipient cells. Using a quantitative RT-PCR approach, we demonstrate that mature EBV-encoded miRNAs are secreted by EBV-infected B cells through exosomes. These EBV-miRNAs are functional because internalization of exosomes by MoDC results in a dose-dependent, miRNA-mediated repression of confirmed EBV target genes, including CXCL11/ITAC, an immunoregulatory gene down-regulated in primary EBV-associated lymphomas. We demonstrate that throughout coculture of EBV-infected B cells EBV-miRNAs accumulate in noninfected neighboring MoDC and show that this accumulation is mediated by transfer of exosomes. Thus, the exogenous EBV-miRNAs transferred through exosomes are delivered to subcellular sites of gene repression in recipient cells. Finally, we show in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with increased EBV load that, although EBV DNA is restricted to the circulating B-cell population, EBV BART miRNAs are present in both B-cell and non-B-cell fractions, suggestive of miRNA transfer. Taken together our findings are consistent with miRNA-mediated gene silencing as a potential mechanism of intercellular communication between cells of the immune system that may be exploited by the persistent human γ-herpesvirus EBV.
BEDTools: The Swiss‐Army Tool for Genome Feature Analysis
Technological advances have enabled the use of DNA sequencing as a flexible tool to characterize genetic variation and to measure the activity of diverse cellular phenomena such as gene isoform expression and transcription factor binding. Extracting biological insight from the experiments enabled by these advances demands the analysis of large, multi‐dimensional datasets. This unit describes the use of the BEDTools toolkit for the exploration of high‐throughput genomics datasets. Several protocols are presented for common genomic analyses, demonstrating how simple BEDTools operations may be combined to create bespoke pipelines addressing complex questions. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 47:11.12.1‐11.12.34. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overweight children and adolescents: description, epidemiology, and demographics.
We describe prevalence and trends in overweight among children and adolescents (6 to 17 years old) in the US population and variation in the prevalence by sex, age, race-ethnicity, income, and educational level. Height and weight were measured in nationally representative surveys conducted between 1963 and 1994: cycles II (1963 to 1965) and III (1966 to 1970) of the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I, 1971 to 1974; NHANES II, 1976 to 1980; and NHANES III, 1988 to 1994). Overweight was defined by the age- and sex-specific 95th percentile of body mass index (BMI) from NHES II and III. BMI values between the 85th and 95th percentiles were considered an area of concern, because at this level there is increased risk for becoming overweight. Approximately 11% of children and adolescents were overweight in 1988 to 1994, and an additional 14% had a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles. The prevalence of overweight did not vary systematically with race-ethnicity, income, or education. Overweight prevalence increased over time, with the largest increase between NHANES II and NHANES III. Examination of the entire BMI distribution showed that the heaviest children were markedly heavier in NHANES III than in NHES, but the rest of the distribution of BMI showed little change. Data are limited for assessing the causes of the rapid change in the prevalence of overweight. The increased overweight prevalence in US children and adolescents may be one manifestation of a more general set of societal effects. Childhood overweight should be addressed from a public health perspective.
Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study.
BACKGROUND The incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) has been increasing steadily in the United States during the past 2 decades. We studied risk factors for CHF and their corresponding attributable risk in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 13 643 men and women without a history of CHF at baseline examination were included in this prospective cohort study. Risk factors were measured using standard methods between 1971 and 1975. Incidence of CHF was assessed using medical records and death certificates obtained between 1982 and 1984 and in 1986, 1987, and 1992. RESULTS During average follow-up of 19 years, 1382 CHF cases were documented. Incidence of CHF was positively and significantly associated with male sex (relative risk [RR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.39; P<.001; population attributable risk [PAR], 8.9%), less than a high school education (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.42; P =.01; PAR, 8.9%), low physical activity (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.38; P<.001; PAR, 9.2%), cigarette smoking (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.39-1.83; P<.001; PAR, 17.1%), overweight (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.52; P =.001; PAR, 8.0%), hypertension (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24-1.59; P<.001; PAR, 10.1%), diabetes (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.51-2.28; P<.001; PAR, 3.1%), valvular heart disease (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.17-1.82; P =.001; PAR, 2.2%), and coronary heart disease (RR, 8.11; 95% CI, 6.95-9.46; P<.001; PAR, 61.6%). CONCLUSIONS Male sex, less education, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, overweight, diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and coronary heart disease are all independent risk factors for CHF. More than 60% of the CHF that occurs in the US general population might be attributable to coronary heart disease.
A positive role for histone acetylation in transcription factor access to nucleosomal DNA
Acetylation of the N-terminal tails of the core histones directly facilitates the recognition by TFIIIA of the 5S RNA gene within model chromatin templates. This effect is independent of a reduction in the extent of histone-DNA interactions or a change in DNA helical repeat; it is also independent of whether a histone tetramer or octamer inhibits TFIIIA binding. Removal of the N-terminal tails from the core histones also facilitates the association of TFIIIA with nucleosomal templates. We suggest that the histone tails have a major role in restricting transcription factor access to DNA and that their acetylation releases this restriction by directing dissociation of the tails from DNA and/or inducing a change in DNA configuration on the histone core to allow transcription factor binding. Acetylation of core histones might be expected to exert a major influence on the accessibility of chromatin to regulatory molecules.
Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004.
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with suboptimal health. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency may be rising, but population-based trends are uncertain. We sought to evaluate US population trends in vitamin D insufficiency. METHODS We compared serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), collected during 1988 through 1994, with NHANES data collected from 2001 through 2004 (NHANES 2001-2004). Complete data were available for 18 883 participants in NHANES III and 13 369 participants in NHANES 2001-2004. RESULTS The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 29-30) ng/mL during NHANES III and decreased to 24 (23-25) ng/mL during NHANES 2001-2004. Accordingly, the prevalence of 25(OH)D levels of less than 10 ng/mL increased from 2% (95% CI, 2%-2%) to 6% (5%-8%), and 25(OH)D levels of 30 ng/mL or more decreased from 45% (43%-47%) to 23% (20%-26%). The prevalence of 25(OH)D levels of less than 10 ng/mL in non-Hispanic blacks rose from 9% during NHANES III to 29% during NHANES 2001-2004, with a corresponding decrease in the prevalence of levels of 30 ng/mL or more from 12% to 3%. Differences by age strata (mean serum 25[OH]D levels ranging from 28-32 ng/mL) and sex (28 ng/mL for women and 32 ng/mL for men) during NHANES III equalized during NHANES 2001-2004 (24 vs 24 ng/mL for age and 24 vs 24 ng/mL for sex). CONCLUSIONS National data demonstrate a marked decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels from the 1988-1994 to the 2001-2004 NHANES data collections. Racial/ethnic differences have persisted and may have important implications for known health disparities. Current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are inadequate to address the growing epidemic of vitamin D insufficiency.
JASPAR 2014: an extensively expanded and updated open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles
JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net) is the largest open-access database of matrix-based nucleotide profiles describing the binding preference of transcription factors from multiple species. The fifth major release greatly expands the heart of JASPAR—the JASPAR CORE subcollection, which contains curated, non-redundant profiles—with 135 new curated profiles (74 in vertebrates, 8 in Drosophila melanogaster, 10 in Caenorhabditis elegans and 43 in Arabidopsis thaliana; a 30% increase in total) and 43 older updated profiles (36 in vertebrates, 3 in D. melanogaster and 4 in A. thaliana; a 9% update in total). The new and updated profiles are mainly derived from published chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq experimental datasets. In addition, the web interface has been enhanced with advanced capabilities in browsing, searching and subsetting. Finally, the new JASPAR release is accompanied by a new BioPython package, a new R tool package and a new R/Bioconductor data package to facilitate access for both manual and automated methods.
Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes.
CONTEXT Control of blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular disease among individuals with diabetes mellitus; however, the current state of control of these risk factors among individuals in the United States is uncertain. OBJECTIVES To examine 1999-2000 national data on control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes and to assess trends during the past decade. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Review of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, conducted 1988-1994) and NHANES 1999-2000, cross-sectional surveys of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population. Participants were adults aged 20 years and older with previously diagnosed diabetes who participated in both the interview and examination in either NHANES III (n = 1265) or NHANES 1999-2000 (n = 441). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol in reference to target goals. RESULTS Compared with NHANES III, participants with previously diagnosed diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 were similar by age and sex, were less likely to be non-Hispanic white, were diagnosed at an earlier age, had a higher body mass index, and were more likely to use insulin in combination with oral agents. In NHANES 1999-2000, only 37.0% of participants achieved the target goal of HbA1c level less than 7.0% and 37.2% of participants were above the recommended "take action" HbA1c level of greater than 8.0%; these percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P =.11 and P =.87, respectively). Only 35.8% of participants achieved the target of systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and 40.4% had hypertensive blood pressure levels (SBP > or =140 or DBP > or =90 mm Hg). These percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P =.10 and P =.56, respectively). Over half (51.8%) of the participants in NHANES 1999-2000 had total cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dL or greater (vs 66.1% in NHANES III; P<.001). In total, only 7.3% (95% confidence interval, 2.8%-11.9%) of adults with diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 attained recommended goals of HbA1c level less than 7%, blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg, and total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L). CONCLUSION Further public health efforts are needed to control risk factors for vascular disease among individuals with diagnosed diabetes.
wireless network hoc network routing protocol hidden markov model rough set cellular network ad-hoc network gene expression confidence interval wireless acces risk factor dna sequence heterogeneous wireles immune system regulatory network heterogeneous wireless network production scheduling set model cellular phone open pit binding site rough set model national health transcription factor decision algorithm fuzzy rough fuzzy rough set variable rate location service vertical handoff variable precision open pit mine transcription factor binding chip design pit mine precision rough set variable precision rough motif discovery factor binding site precision rough membrane protein wireless access technology factor binding sequence number expression level protein domain globus toolkit handoff decision children and adolescent nutrition examination survey heterogeneous wireless acces transcriptional regulatory vertical handoff decision dna binding site prediction regulatory element transcriptional regulatory network multihop cellular network multihop cellular halin graph transcriptional regulation handoff decision algorithm vertical handoff algorithm microgrid power rough set analysi rough sets model health and nutrition body tissue binding site prediction examination survey base sequence replica location nutrition examination regulatory region dna binding site large open pit variable rate technology chinese hamster pit mine production regulatory sequence gene expression. globus toolkit version rate technology total net present binding profile epstein-barr viru toolkit version replica location service binding specificity identifying transcription factor variable rate nitrogen antigens, nuclear hematology (discipline) t-cell lymphoma transferrin receptor biopolymer sequencing hypertensive disease transcription, genetic f factor ligand binding domain leukemia, b-cell dna sequence rearrangement transcription initiation site protocols documentation cultured cell line nucleic acid hybridization histone code deoxyribonuclease i in situ hybridization epstein-barr virus infection united state