We tested the hypothesis that neurons in the primary visual cortex adapt selectively to contingencies in the attributes of visual stimuli. We recorded from single neurons in macaque V1 and measured the effects of adaptation either to the sum of two gratings (compound stimulus) or to the individual gratings. According to our hypothesis, there would be a component of adaptation that is specific to the compound stimulus. We performed two sets of experiments. In the first set one grating had optimal orientation and the other was orthogonal to it. In the second set the gratings were parallel, differed in spatial frequency, and were both effective in driving the cell. The first set of experiments, but not the second, provided evidence in favour of our hypothesis. In most cells tested with orthogonal gratings, adaptation to the compound stimulus reduced the responses to the compound stimulus more than the responses to the preferred grating. In addition, in most of these experiments the responses to the compound stimulus were reduced more by adaptation to the compound stimulus than by adaptation to the individual gratings. This suggests that a component of adaptation in the experiments with orthogonal gratings was specific to (and caused by) the contingent presence of the two gratings in the compound stimulus.