Affecting Factors and Adjustment Strategy of College Students Founding Micro Enterprise

University students have high enthusiasm in starting their own business,but lack of ability.University's education of entrepreneurship has breadth but in short of depth.The government encourages university's students to start their own business,however,enough potency dimension support is lacked.Micro-enterprise and entrepreneurially cultural environment should be created so that can provide support for college students,competence of establishing micro-enterprise should be developed to afford technological support to set up the enterprises;officially supporting service system should be improved to provide resources for university students to ensure the undertakings.

Design of Hot Issue Founding System Based on Tibetan Web

This paper designs a hot issue Founding system based on the news pages of Tibetan website, which can automatically find the issue on the network at any period of time. Through characteristics judgments of hot issues, and will present the conditions of issue meeting to the user. Because of large-scale corpus, and hot issues for demanding high real-time, then the system divided into groups according to days, and using agglomerative clustering to cluster daily corpus, and the corpus of the selected period of time using Single -pass clustering to get issue list, then order the issues through heat calculation. Finally, through testing Tibetan corpus in 2011, shows that the system has achieved good results, and with higher value.

Thoughts on the Founding of Military Terminology Science

Founding military terminology science is an initiative work to promote military theory innovation and perfect military science system in the new stage and new era.The system of military terminology science should include the study of history,basic theory,compilation,management and application of military terminology.We should promote the creation of the discipline through various measures,such as formulating the construction plan,cultivating talented personnel,organizing academic activities and compiling academic works.

Reminiscences of Several Events about Affecting the Infrared Technology Development of 11th Research Institute(Commemorating 50th Anniversary of the Founding of 11th Research Institute)

In the paper,several great events in infrared technology speciality of 11th Research Institute from founding to development is reviewed,it explains that the speciality developing is closely connected with the nation requisition.

On Founding Learning Type Organization of the State-owned Enterprise

The Sixteenth National Congress of the Party has put forward the ideas "to form the learning type society of whole people study and lifelong study, to promote the overall development of person", which is especially important for the state-owned enterprise. The state-owned enterprise should be the unit that emphasizes "making person the core of development", be the source and hatching ware of the science and technology innovation, and be the school for throughout life education. The person development, the science and technology innovation and lifelong study need learning type organization. The benefits to found learning type organization are to make all members throw themselves into studying wholeheartedly and have motive force of learning increased continuously, make all members realize the life meanings in work, and develop themselves and create future energy through learning. Implementing the management thought of "making people be the foundation", developing project management, carrying out the overall transform of enterprise organization structure are the major channels for the state-owned enterprise to found the learning type organization.

The Founding and Early History of IWRA

ABSTRACT This article describes the founding and early organizational development of IWRA. The names of the three initial founders and first official Executive Board are given. A copy of the first Articles of Incorporation, dated November 29, 1971, in the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A., is appended along with one of the first membership brochures. The major launching of the organization was the first World Congress on “Water for the Human Environment” in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. in 1973. This first Congress was an enthusiastic success with attendance by representatives of more than 62 countries and the presentation of 175 technical papers published in a three-volume proceedings. An interesting summary of those technical proceedings is repeated in this article for comparison with current technology and water resources viewpoints. World Congresses have followed generally on a triennial schedule, along with the sponsorship of many specialized symposia and seminars. The 1994 VIIIth World Congress in Cairo, Egypt...

The Impact of Goal Setting on Team Simulation Experience

This article examines the effects of goal setting on team experience while competing in a computerized business simulation. A randomly selected sample of 186 business majors from their required business policy course participated in the study. Cohesiveness, conflict, perceptions of success, and performance in the simulation were examined over a 6-week period that involved 12 quarterly decisions. The findings demonstrated that teams receiving the goal-setting intervention exhibited higher levels of cohesiveness and perceived success, while expressing reduced levels of conflict, than control teams.

Venture Capital for the Future Implications of Founding Visions in the Venture Capital Setting

This dissertation deals with founding visions in the venture capital setting. It is the story of two contrasting initiatives for venture capital as they unfold in the turbulence surrounding the millennium. It is the story of these contemporary initiatives seen in the light of what was originally intended, as we uncover the founding vision for an initiative that pioneered a venture capital phenomenon of global dimensions. It is the story of people and the reasons for their commitment. The research draws on the complexity of human nature to problematise the venture capital phenomenon, by studying founding visions for unfolding initiatives in terms of intended purpose, intended beneficiaries, and psychic income. Three distinct visions are found in the rich stories of meaning and practice. By interpreting such visionary elements and their manifestations, implications of particular venture capital initiatives on the strategic and human levels are discussed. Streamlining, fraternity and pioneering visions involve different implications for affiliates as well as the socio-economic landscape as a whole. Such reflections on what is and what has been give food for thought as we look towards the future. As a pioneering vision loses its spark to a streamlining landscape, tensions between venture and capital bring forth the question of who will provide venture capital in its original meaning of venturing into the unknown. This study contributes to our understanding of visions by bringing three dimensions to a concept that is typically treated one-dimensionally. In this sense, it gives a higher resolution of the vision concept which may refine our reasoning regarding such issues. The study also contributes to our understanding of the value that lies in seeking affiliates and partners with visions that harmonise with one’s own. This is particularly relevant for a business founder who is considering the avenue of venture capital, or a venture capitalist who is striving to bring a pioneering or a fraternity vision to life.

Research Note - Tigerblood: Newspapers, Blogs, and the Founding of Information Technology Firms

In this paper, we study the impact of increases in media coverage from two sources, newspapers and blogs, on firm founding rates in the context of technology-based entrepreneurship. Although increasing work in information systems (IS) has begun to investigate the effect of user-generated content on entrepreneurial behavior, limited attention has been devoted to how media affects firm founding or the boundary conditions of such an effect. Arguing for the direct effect of increased discourse in traditional and user-generated media in the information technology (IT) industry, results suggest that discourse in traditional media and blogs strongly influences IT firm founding rates. We further consider the differential impacts of media discourse on firm founding in different IT subsectors, over time, and in different locations. We test our hypotheses using entrepreneurial firm founding data from VentureXpert from 1998 to 2007, social media data from the three largest blogging platforms, and traditional media co...

Fostering Entrepreneurship: Promoting Founding or Funding?

Governments across the globe are eager to foster entrepreneurial ecosystems, yet there is no consensus on what policies to use. We develop a theory about the equilibrium consequences of two canonical types of entrepreneurship policies: policies that encourage entrepreneurs to found new ventures, and policies that encourage investors to fund new ventures. We distinguish between a short-term impact on current market activity, versus a long-term impact on future activity. Investing in entrepreneurial ventures requires tacit knowledge that is mainly acquired through prior entrepreneurial experience, implying that the supply of capital depends on successful entrepreneurs from prior generations. Recognizing this intergenerational linkage has a profound impact on the market equilibrium, and the effect of entrepreneurship policies. Our analysis identifies a rationale for using funding polices.

Career Experiences and Firm Foundings

Because of methodological and theoretical obstacles, sociological research on organizational foundings has largely focused on societal and population level factors to explain firm foundings. This paper takes the view that understanding firm foundings also requires linking to micro-level processes. We suggest that careers are a useful way to link individual-level processes to firm foundings. The career experiences of potential founders impacts organizational foundings by influencing expectations of the liability of newness. We test our explanation on the population of inventions patented by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology over the 1980-1996 period and examine the effect of inventors' prior experiences on the probability that an invention will be commercialized through the founding of a new organization.

The founding charter of the Genomic Observatories Network

The co-authors of this paper hereby state their intention to work together to launch the Genomic Observatories Network (GOs Network) for which this document will serve as its Founding Charter. We define a Genomic Observatory as an ecosystem and/or site subject to long-term scientific research, including (but not limited to) the sustained study of genomic biodiversity from single-celled microbes to multicellular organisms.An international group of 64 scientists first published the call for a global network of Genomic Observatories in January 2012. The vision for such a network was expanded in a subsequent paper and developed over a series of meetings in Bremen (Germany), Shenzhen (China), Moorea (French Polynesia), Oxford (UK), Pacific Grove (California, USA), Washington (DC, USA), and London (UK). While this community-building process continues, here we express our mutual intent to establish the GOs Network formally, and to describe our shared vision for its future. The views expressed here are ours alone as individual scientists, and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions with which we are affiliated.

Evolution of life history strategies in ants : variation in queen number and mode of colony founding

Most theoretical models for the evolution of polygyny in ants assume a stable population. Here, we discuss the evolution of life history strategies with perennial life cycles, overlapping generations, and fluctuating populations. We assume two alternative strategies, i.e., monogyny = independent founding strategy (in which the survival rate of foundress queens is low but fecundity of individual queens is high), and polygyny = dependent founding strategy (in which the initial survival rate of queens is high, but queens have low fecundity and short longevity). Adopting the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as the fitness measurement, we compare the two strategies under various ranges of life history parameters. Our model suggests that a higher survival rate of queens may compensate for a low fecundity of queens adopting the dependent founding strategy. Since dependent foundresses can skip over the non-sexual producing founding and ergonomic stages, they can quickly initiate sexual production and gain a higher r. This implies that dependent founding, which may result in secondary polygyny, tends to be an r strategist. This early reproduction effect has not been explicitly dealt with in previous discussions of polygyny, because they have omitted population demography. We predict that dependent founding (or polygyny) would be more common in open areas where ant populations might suffer from random density independent population fluctuation than in forests where density dependent regulations could stabilize ant populations. A recent empirical data-set from Okinawa Island actually suggested that polygyny is more common in open areas than in forests. Some other published data that enabled intraspecific comparison also supported our prediction.

The Influence of Changes in Social Capital on Firm–Founding Activities

This study examines how founders can manage changes in their network ties during firm founding. We find that an increase in tie strength is negatively associated with founding activities, whereas an increase in the number of ties is positively associated with founding activities. Furthermore, entrepreneurial intensity mitigates the negative relationship between an increase in tie strength and founding activities; and social competence reinforces the positive relationship between an increase in the number of ties and founding activities. Our study contributes to the social capital literature by theorizing and testing how changes in a founder's network structure can be beneficial to founding activities.

Testing migration patterns and estimating founding population size in Polynesia by using human mtDNA sequences.

The hypervariable 1 region of human mtDNA shows markedly reduced variability in Polynesians, and this variability decreases from western to eastern Polynesia. Fifty-four sequences from New Zealand Maori show that the mitochondrial variability with just four haplotypes is the lowest of any sizeable human group studied and that the frequency of haplotypes is markedly skewed. The Maori sequences, combined with 268 published sequences from the Pacific, are consistent with a series of founder effects from small populations settling new island groups. The distributions of haplotypes were used to estimate the number of females in founding population of New Zealand Maori. The three-step simulation used a randomly selected founding population from eastern Polynesia, an expansionary phase in New Zealand, and finally the random selection of 54 haplotypes. The results are consistent with a founding population that includes approximately 70 women (between 50 and 100), and sensitivity analysis shows that this conclusion is robust to small changes in haplotype frequencies. This size is too large for models postulating a very small founding population of "castaways," but it is consistent with a general understanding of Maori oral history as well as the results of recent canoe voyages recreating early trans-oceanic voyages.

Exploring the Networking Characteristics of New Venture Founding Teams: A Stdy of Italian Academic Spin-off

On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas

The founding of New World populations by Asian peoples is the focus of considerable archaeological and genetic research, and there persist important questions on when and how these events occurred. Genetic data offer great potential for the study of human population history, but there are significant challenges in discerning distinct demographic processes. A new method for the study of diverging populations was applied to questions on the founding and history of Amerind-speaking Native American populations. The model permits estimation of founding population sizes, changes in population size, time of population formation, and gene flow. Analyses of data from nine loci are consistent with the general portrait that has emerged from archaeological and other kinds of evidence. The estimated effective size of the founding population for the New World is fewer than 80 individuals, approximately 1% of the effective size of the estimated ancestral Asian population. By adding a splitting parameter to population divergence models it becomes possible to develop detailed portraits of human demographic history. Analyses of Asian and New World data support a model of a recent founding of the New World by a population of quite small effective size.

Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers

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Founding the Future: Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO

We contrast life-cycle and path-dependent views of entrepreneurial firms by examining the evolution of top management teams. We show how initial conditions constrain subsequent outcomes by demonstrating that the founding team's prior functional experiences and initial organizational functional structures predict subsequent top manager backgrounds and later functional structures. We find that narrowly experienced teams have trouble adding functional expertise not already embodied in the team. We also find that firms beginning with a limited range of functional positions are less likely to develop complete functional structures. Importantly, we do not find functional structure and functional experience to be interchangeable. We find that firms beginning with more complete functional structures are likely to go public faster, and firms beginning with broadly experienced team members obtain venture capital more quickly regardless of the experience and structural composition of the top management team in place at the time of these outcomes. Further, broadly experienced founding teams that build an early team with a full complement of functional positions achieve important milestones faster than firms that start with neither experience nor structure. This suggests that creating positions as “placeholders” in new ventures, where positions are created and filled with the intent of bringing individuals with more relevant experience onboard later, is not obviously a path by which to succeed. By examining the origins of top management team experience and functional structures, we illustrate the lasting imprint of founders on top management team composition and firm outcomes.

Founding Family Control and Capital Structure: The Risk of Loss of Control and the Aversion to Debt

This paper tests the hypothesis that Founding Family Controlled Firms (FFCFs) are more averse to control risk than similar non-FFCFs and therefore avoid debt. Higher levels of debt increase the likelihood of bankruptcy and the level of control risk. We show that FFCFs use less debt; their choice of debt is more sensitive to conditions associated with control risk; and that leverage is not significantly related to managerial ownership in non-FFCFs, indicating that founding family control, not managerial ownership, matters in determining leverage.