相关论文
2013 - Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture
An experimental investigation for the improvement of attainable surface roughness during hard turning process

In this article, an experimental investigation was carried out to improve the machined surface roughness attainable during hard turning. An American Iron and steel institute (AISI) 4340 hard steel workpiece (hardened up to 69 Rockwell C Scale Hardness (HRC)) was machined on a Mori-Seiki SL-25Y (4-axis) Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe. Prior to machining, defects were generated on the surface of the workpiece in the form of holes. It was recognized that these pre-machined holes provided intermittent relaxation to the cutting tool and resulted in a lower temperature in the cutting zone, lower average cutting forces and a better quality of machined surface over conventional hard turning. Using the new method, termed ‘surface defect machining’, an improved average surface roughness (Ra) of 0.227 µm was obtained compared to an average value of 0.452 µm using conventional hard turning.

2013 - Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
Optimization of Process Parameters with Minimum Surface Roughness in the Pocket Machining of AA5083 Aluminum Alloy via Taguchi Method

This paper aims at determining the effects of process parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, tool path pattern and depth of cut) on surface roughness and the factor levels with minimum surface roughness in pocket machining. The experiments conducted based on Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array are assessed with analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratio. According to this, it is observed that surface roughness correlates negatively with cutting speed and positively with feed rate and cutting depth. Minimum surface roughness is predicted as 0.5413 μm with the cutting speed of 300 m/min, feed rate of 150 mm/min, spiral tool path pattern and 1 mm depth of cut. Finally, confirmation tests verify that Taguchi method achieves the optimization of the system with sufficient accuracy at 95 % confidence level.

2013 - PLoS ONE
Surface Roughness Detection of Arteries via Texture Analysis of Ultrasound Images for Early Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis

There is a strong research interest in identifying the surface roughness of the carotid arterial inner wall via texture analysis for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of texture analysis methods for identifying arterial roughness in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Ultrasound images of common carotid arteries of 15 normal mice fed a normal diet and 28 apoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet were recorded by a high-frequency ultrasound system (Vevo 2100, frequency: 40 MHz). Six different texture feature sets were extracted based on the following methods: first-order statistics, fractal dimension texture analysis, spatial gray level dependence matrix, gray level difference statistics, the neighborhood gray tone difference matrix, and the statistical feature matrix. Statistical analysis indicates that 11 of 19 texture features can be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal groups (p<0.05). When the 11 optimal features were used as inputs to a support vector machine classifier, we achieved over 89% accuracy, 87% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for the k-nearest neighbor classifier were 73%, 75% and 70%, respectively. The results show that it is feasible to identify arterial surface roughness based on texture features extracted from ultrasound images of the carotid arterial wall. This method is shown to be useful for early detection and diagnosis of atherosclerosis.

2017 - Procedia structural integrity
Optimization of machining parameters to improve the surface quality

Abstract The preparation of quality surfaces is very important process in the surface engineering. The surface roughness will influence the quality and effectiveness of the subsequent coatings for protection against corrosion, wear resistance and finishes quality of decorative layers. For these reasons, the authors of the present work have focused in manufacturing parameters that influence the surface quality of hardness metallic materials. In this work, the effects of varying four parameters in the milling process, namely cutting speed, feed rate, radial depth and axial depth. The influence of these parameters on the surface roughness are analyzed individually and also the interaction between some of them for the milling machining of hardened Steel (steel 1.2738), being used the Taguchi optimization method. For this purposed was built a L16 orthogonal array and for each parameter were defined two different levels, corresponding to sixteen experimental tests. From these tests were retrieved sixteen surface roughness measurements The influence of each parameter in surface roughness were then obtained by applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to experimental data. It is noted that the minimum roughness measured was 1.05µm. This study also serve to determined the contribution of each machining parameters and their interaction for surface roughness. The results show that the radial cutting depth and the interaction between the radial and axial depth of cut are the most revelevant parameters, being their contributions for the minimization surface roughness about 30% and 24%, respectively.

2013 - Sadhana
Experimental investigation of cutting parameters influence on surface roughness and cutting forces in hard turning of X38CrMoV5-1 with CBN tool

This experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of cutting conditions on surface roughness and cutting forces in hard turning of X38CrMoV5-1. This steel was hardened at 50 HRC and machined with CBN tool. This is employed for the manufacture of helicopter rotor blades and forging dies. Combined effects of three cutting parameters, namely cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, on the six performance outputs-surface roughness parameters and cutting force components, are explored by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Optimal cutting conditions for each performance level are established. The relationship between the variables and the technological parameters is determined through the response surface methodology (RSM), using a quadratic regression model. Results show how much surface roughness is mainly influenced by feed rate and cutting speed. The depth of cut exhibits maximum influence on cutting force components as compared to the feed rate and cutting speed.

2017 - International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture
Surface roughness of two-frequency elliptical vibration texturing (TFEVT) method for micro-dimple pattern process

Abstract This study presents a two-frequency elliptical vibration texturing (TFEVT) method that adds elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) to a conventional texturing (CT) method. The TFEVT method improves the surface roughness compared to the CT method during a micro-dimple texturing process. Kinematic analysis and a theoretical surface roughness model are presented based on the effect of the tool edge radius. The effect of this radius cannot be neglected since it is nearly equal to the undeformed chip thickness at the micro scale. The replication of the tool edge radius profile, the effect of the material spring back, and the residual error were also considered in the surface roughness model. The surface roughness of a micro-dimple also includes the replication of the tool edge radius profile, which can be determined by using a replication technique. The deflection of material spring back is formulated according to the value of the minimum principal stress in the tertiary deformation zone between the flank face and the machined surface, and the plastic strain value is determined based on elasto-plastic deformation theory. Experimental and simulation results were compared to validate the surface roughness model.

2015 - Procedia CIRP
Surface Roughness Modelling in Face Milling

Abstract The ability to plan the quality of surfaces is very important in manufacturing due to the fulfillment of requirements for parts machined by different methods. A method and a modelling procedure are introduced in the paper based on the definition of the relations between the calculated theoretical and the measured real roughness values of machined surfaces. Cutting experiments were performed for the determination of the real roughness data where the evolution of surface roughness was investigated with varied technological parameters. Finally, the calculated relations between the theoretical and real values are presented,allowing the prediction of the expected roughness of surfaces machined with the given conditions.

2016 - Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
Effects of nozzle inner surface roughness on the cavitation erosion characteristics of high speed submerged jets

Abstract Cavitating jet is now being widely used in a variety of situations due to its strong aggressive erosion ability. In order to push the erosion capability to a maximum, the effects of nozzle inner surface roughness on the cavitation erosion characteristics of submerged cavitating jets were experimentally investigated for the first time with respect to aggressive erosion intensity and efficiency. By impinging the submerged jets on specimens of pure aluminum (1070A) using six organ-pipe cavitating nozzles of different surface roughness values (0.8 μm , 1.6 μm, 3.2 μm, 6.3 μm, 12.5 μm, and 25 μm), the mass loss and specific energy consumption at various inlet pressures and standoff distances were measured and analyzed. And the macroscopic appearances of eroded specimens at optimum standoff distances corresponding to each inlet pressure were displayed and analyzed. Results show that surface roughness can have great effects on cavitation erosion intensity at standoff distances around the optimum and on erosion efficiency at standoff distances exceeding the optimum. The influence of surface roughness on cavitation erosion, adverse or advantageous, depends largely on the inlet pressure which determines the viscous sublayer thickness. More specifically, at inlet pressure of 10 MPa and 15 MPa, surface roughness value of 12.5 μm is the best for achieving the strongest erosion intensity and maximum efficiency at standoff distance around 50 mm; while at inlet pressure of 20 MPa and 25 MPa, roughness value of 6.3 μm replaces 12.5 μm to be the best one with the optimum standoff distance increased to 60 mm. After standoff distance exceeds the optimum value, the specific energy consumption greatly increases, especially at relative lower inlet pressures, indicating a dramatic decrease of erosion efficiency. It can be concluded that excessive smooth surface is not conducive to the formation of cavitation bubbles, leading to an attenuated intensity of cavitation erosion; while excessive rough surface causes much energy dissipation and leads to divergent jets, resulting in a significant reduction of erosion intensity. According to the experimental results, there exists an optimum inner surface roughness value to achieve the strongest aggressive cavitation erosion capability for submerged cavitating jets.

2012 - Expert Syst. Appl.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization technique for achieving desired milled surface roughness in minimum machining time

Face milling is a widely used machining operation to produce various components. The finished component depends not only on the dimensional accuracy but also on the surface finish. The present method of selection of machining parameters by trial and error, previous work experience of the process planner and machining hand books are time consuming and very tedious. There is a need to develop a technique that could able to find the optimal machining parameters for the required surface roughness in machining. In this work, experimental investigations are carried out on aluminium material to study the effect of machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut on the surface roughness and to obtain the desired surface roughness on face milling process. Mathematical model has been developed for surface roughness prediction using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) on the basis of experimental results. The model developed for optimization has been validated by confirmation experiments. Physical constraints for both experiment and theoretical approach are the proposed machining parameters and surface roughness. It has been found that the predicted roughness using PSO is in good agreement with the actual roughness.

2003 - Journal of Materials Processing Technology
Fuzzy surface roughness modeling of CNC down milling of Alumic-79

Abstract Machining processes are complex and highly dynamic systems that can have many variables affecting the desired results. Fuzzy modeling proved to be effective in modeling such complex systems. Down milling machining process of Alumic-79 was modeled in this paper using the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the effect of machining variables (spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and number of flutes) on the surface finish (represented by the surface roughness) of Alumic-79 in order to improve and increase its range of application. Optimum surface roughness of 0.224 μm is achieved for the four flutes at the spindle speed of 2000 rpm, feed rate of 0.06 mm/tooth, and depth of cut of 2 mm. In the meantime, it was found for the two flutes that the minimum surface roughness of 0.327 μm is achieved at the spindle speed of 2000 rpm, feed rate of 0.05 mm/tooth, and depth of cut of 2 mm.

2001 - Physical Review B
Effect of surface roughness on the universal thermal conductance

We explain the reduction of the thermal conductance below the predicted universal value observed by Schwab et al. [Nature (London) 404, 974 (2000)] in terms of the scattering of thermal phonons off surface roughness using a scalar model for the elastic waves. Our analysis shows that the thermal conductance depends on two roughness parameters: the roughness amplitude δ and the correlation length a. At sufficiently low temperatures the ratio of the conductance to the universal value decreases quadratically with temperature at a rate proportional to δ2a. Values of δ equal to 22% and a equal to about 75% of the width of the conduction pathway give a good fit to the data.

2009 - Journal of Materials Processing Technology
Surface roughness prediction using measured data and interpolation in layered manufacturing

Layered manufacturing (LM) technology can efficiently fabricate 3D physical models without the restriction of geometric complexities. However, because of the LM process itself, the surface quality of processed parts is often unsatisfactory compared to that of machined parts made using traditional numerically controlled manufacturing technology. Hence, the surface roughness has become a matter of utmost concern despite the many potential advantages of LM. In the initial step of the LM process, reasonable process planning can be achieved by predicting the surface roughness in advance. Therefore, we propose an elaborate methodology to predict the surface roughness of LM processed parts. Theoretical and real characteristics of surface roughness distributions are investigated to reflect actual roughness distributions in the predictions, and a roughness distribution expression that can obtain surface roughness values for all surface angles is introduced using measured roughness data and interpolation. A prediction application is presented, and the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach are demonstrated through several application examples.

2008 - Remote Sensing of Environment
Mapping surface roughness and soil moisture using multi-angle radar imagery without ancillary data

Abstract The Integral Equation Model (IEM) is the most widely-used, physically based radar backscatter model for sparsely vegetated landscapes. In general, IEM quantifies the magnitude of backscattering as a function of moisture content and surface roughness, which are unknown, and the known radar configurations. Estimating surface roughness or soil moisture by solving the IEM with two unknowns is a classic example of under-determination and is at the core of the problems associated with the use of radar imagery coupled with IEM-like models. This study offers a solution strategy to this problem by the use of multi-angle radar images, and thus provides estimates of roughness and soil moisture without the use of ancillary field data. Results showed that radar images can provide estimates of surface soil moisture at the watershed scale with good accuracy. Results at the field scale were less accurate, likely due to the influence of image speckle. Results also showed that subsurface roughness caused by rock fragments in the study sites caused error in conventional applications of IEM based on field measurements, but was minimized by using the multi-angle approach.

2010 - Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
Reduction of surface roughness for optical quality microfluidic devices in PMMA and COC

A rapid and low-cost technique is presented for the fabrication of optical quality microfluidic devices in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). When polymer microfluidic devices are manufactured by rapid prototyping techniques, such as micromilling, the surface roughness is typically in the region of hundreds of nanometres reducing the overall optical efficiency of many microfluidic-based systems. Here we demonstrate a novel solvent vapour treatment that is used to irreversibly bond microfluidic chips while simultaneously reducing the channel surface roughness, yielding optical grade (less than 15 nm surface roughness) channel walls. We characterize this vapour bonding method and optimize the process parameters to avoid channel collapse, while achieving reflow of polymer and uniformity of bonding. The reflow of polymer is the key to enabling a fabrication process that takes less than a day and produces optical quality surfaces with low-cost rapid prototyping tools.

1949 - Journal of Applied Physics
Effect of Surface Roughness on Eddy Current Losses at Microwave Frequencies

A theoretical investigation has been made of the power dissipation by eddy currents in a metallic surface at microwave frequencies in the presence of regular parallel grooves or scratches whose dimensions are comparable to the eddy current skin depth. The eddy current equation has been integrated numerically for grooves of various shapes and sizes transverse to the direction of induced current flow, and the corresponding losses are calculated and plotted. The power dissipation is increased by about 60 percent over its value for a smooth surface when the root‐mean‐square deviation of the grooved surface from an average plane is equal to the skin depth; the exact shape of the grooves is not critical. The increase in eddy current losses caused by grooves parallel to the current is shown in a particular case to be only about one‐third as great as the increase caused by transverse grooves of similar size. The effect on losses of an isolated narrow crack or fissure transverse to the current is briefly discussed.

1998 - Safety Science
The effect of surface roughness on dynamic friction between neolite and quarry tile

It is known that surface roughness affects friction. However, it is not clear which surface characteristics are better correlated with friction. An extensive search for a relationship between surface roughness parameters and friction was completed in this study. Surface roughness on unglazed quarry tiles was systematically altered by sand blasting. A commercially available pin-on-disk tester was used to measure dynamic friction under broad testing conditions at the interface. A commercially available profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness of the tiles. The results indicated that, among the surface parameters evaluated in this study, Rpm and a had the highest correlation with friction. Rpm is the average of the maximum height above the mean line in each cut-off length and represents the averaged void volume among asperities on the surface.a is the arithmetical average of surface slope and is related to the rate of asperity deformation during a sliding contact. The averaged surface parameters generated from eight surface measurements from an area of interest were sufficient to give a fairly good indication of surface friction.

2003 - Biomaterials
Enhancement of the growth of human endothelial cells by surface roughness at nanometer scale.

This study investigated whether a nanometer scale of surface roughness could improve the adhesion and growth of human endothelial cells on a biomaterial surface. Different molecular weights or chain lengths of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were mixed and then grafted to a polyurethane (PU) surface, a model smooth surface, to form a nanometer (nm) scale of roughness for PU-PEG surfaces (PU-PEG(mix)) while PEG with a molecular weight of 2000 was also grafted to PU to form PU-PEG(2000) for comparison. In addition, the concept was tested on cell-adhesive peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD) that was photochemically grafted to PU-PEG(mix) and PU-PEG(2000) surfaces (e.g., PU-PEG(mix)-GRGD and PU-PEG(2000)-GRGD surfaces, respectively). To prepare GRGD-grafted PU-PEG(mix) and PU-PEG(2000) surface, 0.025M of GRGD-SANPAH (N-Succinimidyl-6-[4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino]-hexanoate) solutions was grafted to PU-PEG(mix) and PU-PEG(2000) by surface adsorption of the peptide and subsequent ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for photoreaction. The grafting efficiencies for GRGD to PU-PEG(mix) and PU-PEG(2000) surfaces were about 67% for both surfaces, semi-quantitatively analyzed by an HPLC. The surface roughness, presented with a roughness parameter, R(a), and the topography of the tested surfaces were both measured and imaged by an atomic force microscope (AFM). Among the R(a) values of the films, PU was the smoothest (e.g., R(a)=1.53+/-0.20 nm, n=3) while PU-PEG(mix) was the roughest (e.g., R(a)=39.79+/-10.48 nm, n=4). Moreover, R(a) values for PU-PEG(mix) and PU-PEG(mix)-GRGD surfaces were about 20 nm larger than those for PU-PEG(2000) and PU-PEG(2000)-GRGD, respectively, which were consistent with the topographies of the films. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were adhered and grown on the tested surfaces after 36 h of incubation. Among the films, HUVEC's adhesion on the surface of PU-PEG(mix)-GRGD was the densest while that on the surface of PU-PEG(2000) was the sparsest. Also, the adhesion and growth of HUVECs for the roughness surfaces were statistically significantly better than that of smooth surface for both GRGD grafted and un-grafted surfaces, respectively. The viability for the growth of HUVECs on the tested surfaces analyzed by MTT assay also confirmed the efficacy of the increased surface roughness. In conclusion, increased surface roughness of biomaterial surfaces even at 10-10(2) nm scale could enhance the adhesion and growth of HUVECs on roughness surfaces that could be useful for applications of tissue engineering.

2015 - ACS applied materials & interfaces
The influence of surface modification on bacterial adhesion to titanium-based substrates.

This study examines bacterial adhesion on titanium-substrates used for bone implants. Adhesion is the most critical phase of bacterial colonization on medical devices. The surface of titanium was modified by hydrothermal treatment (HT) to synthesize nanostructured TiO2-anatase coatings, which were previously proven to improve corrosion resistance, affect the plasma protein adsorption, and enhance osteogenesis. The affinity of the anatase coatings toward bacterial attachment was studied by using a green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli (gfp-E. coli) strain in connection with surface photoactivation by UV irradiation. We also analyzed the effects of surface topography, roughness, charge, and wettability. The results suggested the dominant effects of the macroscopic surface topography, as well as microasperity at the surface roughness scale, which were produced during titanium machining, HT treatment, or both. Macroscopic grooves provided a preferential site for bacteria deposit within the valleys, while the microscopic roughness of the valleys determined the actual interaction surface between bacterium and substrate, resulting in an "interlocking" effect and undesired high bacterial adhesion on nontreated titanium. In the case of TiO2-coated samples, the nanocrystals reduced the width between the microasperities and thus added nanoroughness features. These factors decreased the contact area between the bacterium and the coating, with consequent lower bacterial adhesion (up to 50% less) in comparison to the nontreated titanium. On the other hand, the pronounced hydrophilicity of one of the HT-coated discs after pre-irradiation seemed to enhance the attachment of bacteria, although the increase was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). This observation may be explained by the acquired similar degree of wetting between gfp-E. coli and the coating. No correlation was found between the bacterial adhesion and the ζ-values of the samples in PBS, so the effect of surface charge was considered negligible in this study.

2011 - Comput. Geosci.
A method for computation of surface roughness of digital elevation model terrains via multiscale analysis

In this paper, an algorithm to compute surface roughness of digital elevation model (DEM) terrains via multiscale analysis is proposed. The algorithm employs the lifting scheme to generate multiscale DEMs. At each scale, the areas of pixels that are modified are computed. Granulometric analysis is employed to compute the average area of curvature regions in the terrain, and the average roughness of the terrain due the distribution of curvature regions. The selected case studies of the algorithm implementation demonstrated that the proposed algorithm provides a surface roughness parameter that is realistic with respect to the amplitudes and frequencies of the terrain, invariant with respect to rotation and translation, and has intuitive meaning. The algorithm allows for a good quantification of a region's convexity/concavity over varying scales, distinguishing between shallow and deep incisions of valleys and ridges of the terrain, and hence, provides an accurate surface roughness parameter.

1995 - Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B
Effect of tip shape on surface roughness measurements from atomic force microscopy images of thin films

The distortion of images by the finite radius of the tip is a significant artifact in atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of thin films. This article examines the effect of the finite radius of the AFM tip on the measurement of five surface roughness parameters: Ra and Rrms roughness, horizontal roughness, bearing ratio, and power spectral density. The effect of the finite size of the AFM tip on the measurement of these roughness parameters was studied using simulations. We found that the vertical roughness measures (Ra and Rrms) were the least affected by the tip induced distortion. For a spherical tip, the error in Ra and Rrms roughness was less than 15% as long as the radius of the major features in the AFM image (RAFM) was greater than twice the radius of the tip (Rtip). The horizontal roughness of the surface was sensitive to the distortion due to the tip. For distorted AFM images (RAFM/Rtip=5) the bearing ratio curve was similar in shape to the curve for the original surface. The bearing ratio cur...

The influence of nano-scale surface roughness on bacterial adhesion to ultrafine-grained titanium.

Elena P Ivanova
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Rimma Lapovok
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Russell J Crawford
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Christopher J Fluke
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James Wang
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E. Ivanova
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V. K. Truong
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R. Crawford
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C. Fluke
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R. Lapovok
|
Y. Estrin
|
James Y Wang
|
Stuart Rundell
|
Vi K Truong
|
Yuri S Estrin
|
S. Rundell

Abstract:

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引用
Do bacteria differentiate between degrees of nanoscale surface roughness?
Biotechnology journal
2011
Engineering a nanostructured “super surface” with superhydrophobic and superkilling properties†
RSC advances
2015
Adhesion of Streptococcus mitis and Fusobacterium nucleatum on nanopatterned titanium surfaces
2013
The influence of surface modification on bacterial adhesion to titanium-based substrates.
ACS applied materials & interfaces
2015
Polymer Technologies for the Control of Bacterial Adhesion – From Fundamental to Applied Science and Technology
2014
Three-dimensional visualization of nanostructured surfaces and bacterial attachment using Autodesk® Maya®
Scientific Reports
2014
Properties and Performance of Ultrafine Grained Titanium for Biomedical Applications
2015
Nano-structured antimicrobial surfaces: From nature to synthetic analogues.
Journal of colloid and interface science
2017
Monitoring of Wild Pseudomonas Biofilm Strain Conditions Using Statistical Characterization of Scanning Electron Microscopy Images
1801.09231
2017
Selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada Psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2012
Bactericidal activity of biomimetic diamond nanocone surfaces.
Biointerphases
2016
Review: Micro- and nanostructured surface engineering for biomedical applications
2013
Atomic force microscopy studies of bioprocess engineering surfaces – imaging, interactions and mechanical properties mediating bacterial adhesion
Biotechnology journal
2017
The combined effect of surface chemistry and flow conditions on Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion and ica operon expression.
European cells & materials
2012
Air-directed attachment of coccoid bacteria to the surface of superhydrophobic lotus-like titanium
Biofouling
2012
Titanium for Orthopedic Applications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility and Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation
iScience
2020
Infection of orthopedic implants with emphasis on bacterial adhesion process and techniques used in studying bacterial-material interactions
Biomatter
2012
Bactericidal surfaces: An emerging 21st-century ultra-precision manufacturing and materials puzzle
2021
New frontiers for anti-biofilm drug development.
Pharmacology & therapeutics
2016
Surface characteristics of dental implants: A review.
Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
2018