Triple Bottomline Many‐Objective‐Based Decision Making for a Land Use Management Problem

A land use many-objective optimization problem for a 1500-ha farm with 315 paddocks was formulated with 14 objectives (maximizing sawlog production, pulpwood production, milksolids, beef, sheep meat, wool, carbon sequestration, water production, income and Earnings Before Interest and Tax; and minimizing costs, nitrate leaching, phosphorus loss and sedimentation). This was solved using a modified Reference-point-based Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II augmented by simulated epigenetic operations. The search space had complex variable interactions and was based on economic data and several interoperating simulation models. The solution was an approximation of a Hyperspace Pareto Frontier (HPF), where each non-dominated trade-off point represented a set of land-use management actions taken within a 10-year period and their related management options, spanning a planning period of 50 years. A trade-off analysis was achieved using Hyper-Radial Visualization (HRV) by collapsing the HPF into a 2-D visualization capability through an interactive virtual reality (VR)-based method, thereby facilitating intuitive selection of a sound compromise solution dictated by the decision makers' preferences under uncertainty conditions. Four scenarios of the HRV were considered emphasizing economic, sedimentation and nitrate leaching aspects—giving rise to a triple bottomline (i.e. the economic, environmental and social complex, where the social aspect is represented by the preferences of the various stakeholders). Highlights of the proposed approach are the development of an innovative epigenetics-based multi-objective optimizer, uncertainty incorporation in the search space data and decision making on a multi-dimensional space through a VR-simulation-based visual steering process controlled at its core by a multi-criterion decision making-based process. This approach has widespread applicability to many other ‘wicked’ societal problem-solving tasks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.