Million-scale Derivation of Semantic Relations from a Manually Constructed Predicate Taxonomy

We manually created a semantic taxonomy called Phased Predicate Template Taxonomy (PPTT) that covers 12,023 predicate templates (i.e., predicates with one argument slot like “rescue X”) and derived from it various semantic relations between these templates on a million-instance scale (70%-80% precision level). The derived relations include entailment (e.g., rescue X⊃X is alive), happens-before (e.g., buy X⇒drink X), and a novel relation type anomalous obstruction (e.g., X is sold out;cannot buy X). Such derivation became possible thanks to PPTT’s design and the use of statistical methods.

[1]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Recognizing textual entailment: Rational, evaluation and approaches , 2009, Natural Language Engineering.

[2]  Jong-Hoon Oh,et al.  Why-Question Answering using Intra- and Inter-Sentential Causal Relations , 2013, ACL.

[3]  P. Pantel,et al.  Path Analysis for Refining Verb Relations , 2004 .

[4]  Jong-Hoon Oh,et al.  Excitatory or Inhibitory: A New Semantic Orientation Extracts Contradiction and Causality from the Web , 2012, EMNLP.

[5]  Saif Mohammad,et al.  SemEval-2012 Task 2: Measuring Degrees of Relational Similarity , 2012, *SEMEVAL.

[6]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures , 1978 .

[7]  Verginica Barbu Mititelu,et al.  Annotation of WordNet Verbs with TimeML Event Classes , 2008, LREC.

[8]  James Pustejovsky,et al.  The Generative Lexicon , 1995, CL.

[9]  Tan,et al.  Interactive semantic analysis of Clause-Level Relationships , 1995 .

[10]  Jong-Hoon Oh,et al.  Two-Stage Method for Large-Scale Acquisition of Contradiction Pattern Pairs using Entailment , 2013, EMNLP.

[11]  Michael Halliday,et al.  An Introduction to Functional Grammar , 1985 .

[12]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Generating Entailment Rules from FrameNet , 2010, ACL.

[13]  R. Chaffin,et al.  Cognitive and Psychometric Analysis of Analogical Problem Solving , 1990 .

[14]  Christiane Fellbaum,et al.  Book Reviews: WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database , 1999, CL.

[15]  John B. Lowe,et al.  The Berkeley FrameNet Project , 1998, ACL.

[16]  Neville Ryant,et al.  Extending VerbNet with Novel Verb Classes , 2006, LREC.

[17]  Saif Mohammad,et al.  Experiments with three approaches to recognizing lexical entailment , 2014, Natural Language Engineering.

[18]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Learning Verb Inference Rules from Linguistically-Motivated Evidence , 2012, EMNLP-CoNLL.

[19]  Manfred Pinkal,et al.  Learning Script Knowledge with Web Experiments , 2010, ACL.

[20]  Yutaka Kidawara,et al.  Toward Future Scenario Generation: Extracting Event Causality Exploiting Semantic Relation, Context, and Association Features , 2014, ACL.

[21]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Instance-based Evaluation of Entailment Rule Acquisition , 2007, ACL.

[22]  Masaki Murata,et al.  Large-Scale Verb Entailment Acquisition from the Web , 2009, EMNLP.

[23]  Nathanael Chambers,et al.  Unsupervised Learning of Narrative Schemas and their Participants , 2009, ACL.

[24]  Nathanael Chambers,et al.  Template-Based Information Extraction without the Templates , 2011, ACL.

[25]  Takashi Inui,et al.  Extracting Semantic Orientations of Words using Spin Model , 2005, ACL.

[26]  Bob Coyne,et al.  LexPar: A Freely Available English Paraphrase Lexicon Automatically Extracted from FrameNet , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing.

[27]  Hitoshi Isahara,et al.  Enhancing the Japanese WordNet , 2009, ALR7@IJCNLP.

[28]  C. Fillmore.  FRAME SEMANTICS AND THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE * , 1976 .

[29]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Learning Entailment Relations by Global Graph Structure Optimization , 2012, CL.

[30]  Nathanael Chambers,et al.  Unsupervised Learning of Narrative Event Chains , 2008, ACL.

[31]  Patrick Pantel,et al.  VerbOcean: Mining the Web for Fine-Grained Semantic Verb Relations , 2004, EMNLP.

[32]  Tom M. Mitchell,et al.  Acquiring temporal constraints between relations , 2012, CIKM.

[33]  김두식,et al.  English Verb Classes and Alternations , 2006 .

[34]  Barbara B. Levin,et al.  English verb classes and alternations , 1993 .

[35]  James Pustejovsky,et al.  TimeML: Robust Specification of Event and Temporal Expressions in Text , 2003, New Directions in Question Answering.

[36]  Jong-Hoon Oh,et al.  Aid is Out There: Looking for Help from Tweets during a Large Scale Disaster , 2013, ACL.