Delay activity of orbital and lateral prefrontal neurons of the monkey varying with different rewards.

We examined neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in relation to reward expectancy and compared findings with those of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the monkey. Activity of OFC neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in a fixed order. More than half of OFC delay neurons were related to the expectancy of delivery or nodelivery of a reward as the response outcome, while some neurons showed nature-of-reward-specific anticipatory activity changes. These delay-related activities reflected the preference of the animal for each kind of reward and were modulated by the motivational state of the animal. LPFC neurons are reported to show nature-ofreward-specific anticipatory activity changes in a delayed response task when several different kinds of rewards are used. Such rewarddependent activity is observed in LPFC delay neurons both with and without spatially differential delay (working memory-related) activity. Although reward expectancy-related activity is commonly observed in both OFC and LPFC, it is suggested that the OFC is more concerned with motivational aspects, while the LPFC is related to both the cognitive and motivational aspects of the expectancy of response outcome.

[1]  O. L. Tinklepaugh.  An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. , 1928 .

[2]  C. Butter,et al.  Perseveration of responding and nonresponding in monkeys with orbital frontal ablations. , 1969, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[3]  Charles M. Butter,et al.  Perseveration in extinction and in discrimination reversal tasks following selective frontal ablations in Macaca mulatta , 1969 .

[4]  R. Rescorla,et al.  A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement , 1972 .

[5]  H. Niki.  Differential activity of prefrontal units during right and left delayed response trials. , 1974, Brain research.

[6]  H Suzuki,et al.  A glass-insulated "Elgiloy" microelectrode for recording unit activity in chronic monkey experiments. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[7]  E. Rolls,et al.  Effects of hunger on the responses of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to the sight and taste of food , 1976, Experimental Neurology.

[8]  S. H. Hulse,et al.  Structural complexity as a determinant of serial pattern learning , 1977 .

[9]  Masataka Watanabe,et al.  Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey , 1979, Brain Research.

[10]  J. Fuster.  Prefrontal Cortex , 2018 .

[11]  O. Andy.  The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe , 1981 .

[12]  Joaquin M. Fuster,et al.  Single cell activity in ventral prefrontal cortex of behaving monkeys , 1981, Brain Research.

[13]  E. Rolls,et al.  Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli of Single Neurons in the Caudolateral Orbitofrontal Cortex of the Macaque Monkey , 1989, The European journal of neuroscience.

[14]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. , 1989, Journal of neurophysiology.

[15]  G. Holmes.  The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[16]  Masataka Watanabe,et al.  The appropriateness of behavioral responses coded in post-trial activity of primate prefrontal units , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[17]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. , 1993, Science.

[18]  J. Fuster.  Frontal lobes , 1993, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[19]  H. Barbas,et al.  Anatomic basis of cognitive-emotional interactions in the primate prefrontal cortex , 1995, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[20]  E. Rolls,et al.  Hunger and satiety modify the responses of olfactory and visual neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[21]  E. Rolls,et al.  The Orbitofrontal Cortex , 2019 .

[22]  Masataka Watanabe.  Reward expectancy in primate prefrental neurons , 1996, Nature.

[23]  P. Goldman-Rakic.  The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive. , 1996, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[24]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Visual Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex of the Macaque , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[25]  S C Rao,et al.  Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. , 1997, Science.

[26]  B. Kushner.  Descartes' error. , 1998, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[27]  H. Damasio,et al.  Dissociation Of Working Memory from Decision Making within the Human Prefrontal Cortex , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[28]  G. Schoenbaum,et al.  Orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala encode expected outcomes during learning , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[29]  M. D’Esposito,et al.  Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. , 1998, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[30]  Masataka Watanabe,et al.  Cognitive and Motivational Operations in Primate Prefrontal Neurons , 1998, Reviews in the neurosciences.

[31]  Earl K. Miller,et al.  Selective representation of relevant information by neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex , 1998, Nature.

[32]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  The role of prefrontal cortex in working memory: examining the contents of consciousness. , 1998, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[33]  Kazuo Hikosaka,et al.  Tolerances of responses to visual patterns in neurons of the posterior inferotemporal cortex in the macaque against changing stimulus size and orientation, and deleting patterns , 1999, Behavioural Brain Research.

[34]  M. Posner.  The Brain and Emotion , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[35]  W. Schultz,et al.  Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex , 1999, Nature.