Learning where to look : An empirical , computational and theoretical account of hidden target search performance

1. Institute for Neural Computation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 920932. Department of Computer Science and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 3. Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-44354. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 5. Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093

[1]  R. C. Langford How People Look at Pictures, A Study of the Psychology of Perception in Art. , 1936 .

[2]  M. Potter Meaning in visual search. , 1975, Science.

[3]  E. Charnov Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. , 1976, Theoretical population biology.

[4]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  The predictive brain: temporal coincidence and temporal order in synaptic learning mechanisms. , 1994, Learning & memory.

[5]  Peter Dayan,et al.  A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward , 1997, Science.

[6]  K. Rayner Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[7]  M. Chun,et al.  Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention , 1998, Cognitive Psychology.

[8]  H. Stanley,et al.  Optimizing the success of random searches , 1999, Nature.

[9]  P Reinagel,et al.  Natural scene statistics at the centre of gaze. , 1999, Network.

[10]  Michael L. Platt,et al.  Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex , 1999, Nature.

[11]  C. Koch,et al.  A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention , 2000, Vision Research.

[12]  Eytan Ruppin,et al.  Evolution of Reinforcement Learning in Uncertain Environments , 2001 .

[13]  Eileen Kowler,et al.  Eye movements during visual search: the costs of choosing the optimal path , 2001, Vision Research.

[14]  Jillian H. Fecteau,et al.  Exploring the consequences of the previous trial , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[15]  Derrick J. Parkhurst,et al.  Scene content selected by active vision. , 2003, Spatial vision.

[16]  Christopher D. Carello,et al.  Manipulating Intent Evidence for a Causal Role of the Superior Colliculus in Target Selection , 2004, Neuron.

[17]  D. Ballard,et al.  Eye movements in natural behavior , 2005, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[18]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction , 1998, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[19]  O Bénichou,et al.  Optimal search strategies for hidden targets. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[20]  M. Behrmann,et al.  Spatial probability as an attentional cue in visual search , 2005, Perception & psychophysics.

[21]  Jillian H. Fecteau,et al.  Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection , 2006, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[22]  R. Baddeley,et al.  The long and the short of it: Spatial statistics at fixation vary with saccade amplitude and task , 2006, Vision Research.

[23]  Antonio Torralba,et al.  Building the gist of a scene: the role of global image features in recognition. , 2006, Progress in brain research.

[24]  Antonio Torralba,et al.  Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: the role of global features in object search. , 2006, Psychological review.

[25]  Gregory J. Zelinsky,et al.  Scene context guides eye movements during visual search , 2006, Vision Research.

[26]  David M Milstein,et al.  The Influence of Expected Value on Saccadic Preparation , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[27]  Julia Trommershäuser,et al.  Eye movements during rapid pointing under risk , 2007, Vision Research.

[28]  M. Platt,et al.  Neural Correlates of Social Target Value in Macaque Parietal Cortex , 2008, Current Biology.

[29]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Sequential effects: Superstition or rational behavior? , 2008, NIPS.

[30]  B. Tatler,et al.  The prominence of behavioural biases in eye guidance , 2009 .

[31]  J. Bisley,et al.  Been there, seen that: a neural mechanism for performing efficient visual search. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[32]  R. Shadmehr,et al.  The intrinsic value of visual information affects saccade velocities , 2009, Experimental Brain Research.

[33]  K. Rayner,et al.  Eye movements when looking at unusual/weird scenes: are there cultural differences? , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  Michael L. Mack,et al.  Viewing task influences eye movement control during active scene perception. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[35]  R. Shadmehr,et al.  Temporal Discounting of Reward and the Cost of Time in Motor Control , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[36]  John M Henderson,et al.  The time course of initial scene processing for eye movement guidance in natural scene search. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[37]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. , 2010, Annual review of neuroscience.

[38]  M. Castelhano,et al.  The relative contribution of scene context and target features to visual search in scenes , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[39]  R. Shadmehr Control of movements and temporal discounting of reward , 2010, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[40]  Nicolas E. Humphries,et al.  Environmental context explains Lévy and Brownian movement patterns of marine predators , 2010, Nature.

[41]  J. Bisley,et al.  Microstimulation of posterior parietal cortex biases the selection of eye movement goals during search. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[42]  P. König,et al.  Developmental changes in natural viewing behavior bottom-up and top-down differences between children, young adults , 2010 .

[43]  A. M. Edwards,et al.  Assessing Lévy walks as models of animal foraging , 2011, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[44]  M. Castelhano,et al.  Scene context influences without scene gist: Eye movements guided by spatial associations in visual search , 2011, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[45]  Michelle R. Greene,et al.  Visual search in scenes involves selective and nonselective pathways , 2011, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[46]  John M. Pearson,et al.  Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment , 2011, Nature Neuroscience.

[47]  J. Snider Optimal random search for a single hidden target. , 2010, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[48]  Matthew H. Wilder,et al.  An integrative, experience-based theory of attentional control. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[49]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Robust Representation of Stable Object Values in the Oculomotor Basal Ganglia , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[50]  Alexander C. Schütz,et al.  Dynamic integration of information about salience and value for saccadic eye movements , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[51]  Michelle R. Greene,et al.  Reconsidering Yarbus: A failure to predict observers’ task from eye movement patterns , 2012, Vision Research.

[52]  H. Seo,et al.  Neural basis of reinforcement learning and decision making. , 2012, Annual review of neuroscience.

[53]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex environments , 2012, Neuroscience Research.

[54]  John M. Pearson,et al.  Neuroethology of decision-making , 2012, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.