Learning by Selection

Living organisms are “open” thermodynamic systems (19) that possess an internal structure and thus correspond to a privileged state of organization of matter in both space and time. The question then arises: where does this order come from? From inside the organism, from the outside world, or from both? To simplify, two extreme views can be put forward to account for this higher internal order, placing the emphasis either outside or within the biological system with respect to its relationships with the environment.

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