A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence

This chapter is a survey of a large number of informal definitions of “intelligence” that the authors have collected over the years. Naturally, compiling a complete list would be impossible as many definitions of intelligence are buried deep inside articles and books. Nevertheless, the 70 odd definitions presented here are, to the authors' knowledge, the largest and most well referenced collection there is.

[1]  Intelligence , 1836, The Medico-chirurgical review.

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[3]  C. SPEARMAN,et al.  The Measurement of Intelligence , 1927, Nature.

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[5]  W. V. Bingham Aptitudes and aptitude testing , 1937 .

[6]  J. Pickova The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence , 1959 .

[7]  E. Glover DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY , 1959 .

[8]  J. Davenport Editor , 1960 .

[9]  E. Boring Intelligence as the Tests Test It. , 1961 .

[10]  Allen Newell,et al.  Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search , 1976, CACM.

[11]  H. Gardner,et al.  Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences , 1983 .

[12]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  On the thresholds of knowledge , 1987, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Industrial Applications.

[13]  James S. Albus,et al.  Outline for a theory of intelligence , 1991, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[14]  G. Reeke The society of mind , 1991 .

[15]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Where's the AI? , 1991, AI Mag..

[16]  A. Anastasi What Counselors Should Know About the Use and Interpretation of Psychological Tests , 1992 .

[17]  F. Nielsen,et al.  The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. , 1995 .

[18]  D.B. Fogel Review of Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life [Book Reviews] , 1995, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[19]  R. Sternberg,et al.  Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. , 1996 .

[20]  L. Gottfredson Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography , 1997 .

[21]  Randy Goebel,et al.  Computational intelligence - a logical approach , 1998 .

[22]  John McCarthy,et al.  WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE , 1998 .

[23]  R. Sternberg,et al.  Handbook of Intelligence , 2000 .

[24]  Ricardo R. Gudwin,et al.  Evaluating intelligence: a computational semiotics perspective , 2000, Smc 2000 conference proceedings. 2000 ieee international conference on systems, man and cybernetics. 'cybernetics evolving to systems, humans, organizations, and their complex interactions' (cat. no.0.

[25]  Felix Stalder,et al.  The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence , 2001, CSOC.

[26]  W. Blattner,et al.  An interview with Dr Terry M. Nett , 2021, Biology of Reproduction.

[27]  Kristan J. Wheaton The Nature of Intelligence , 2001 .

[28]  J. Sattler Assessment of Children: Cognitive Applications , 2001 .

[29]  John A. Horst A Native Intelligence Metric for Artificial Systems , 2002 .

[30]  R. Sternberg The Psychology of Intelligence , 2002 .

[31]  Steffen Christensen,et al.  The Turing Ratio: Metrics For Open-ended Tasks , 2002, GECCO.

[32]  Pei Wang,et al.  On the Working Definition of Intelligence , 2003 .

[33]  Hideyuki Nakashima,et al.  AI as Complex Information Processing , 1999, Minds and Machines.

[34]  Marcus Hutter Simulation Algorithms for Computational Systems Biology , 2017, Texts in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series.

[35]  Jason D. Warren,et al.  The Oxford Companion to the Mind , 2005 .

[36]  Shane Legg,et al.  A Formal Measure of Machine Intelligence , 2006, ArXiv.

[37]  L. Terman The measurement of intelligence , 2007 .