Neural Representation of Conceptual Knowledge.

Abstract : The neural encoding of memory is a problem of great interest and importance. Trlalditional proposals have taken one of two extreme views: The one-concept, one-neuron, punctate view and the full distributed, holographic alternative. Major advances in the behavioral, biological and computational sciences have greatly increased our understanding of the question and its potential answers. There is now good reason to reject both extreme views, but a compact encoding that derives from the punctate model appears to fit well with all the facts. Much of the work espousing holographic models is reinterpreted as studying system properties of neural networks and, as such, considered to be of great importance. Some suggestions for directions of further research are discussed.

[1]  R. L. Beurle Properties of a mass of cells capable of regenerating pulses , 1956, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences.

[2]  P. J. V. Heerden A New Optical Method of Storing and Retrieving Information , 1963 .

[3]  D. B. Bender,et al.  Visual properties of neurons in inferotemporal cortex of the Macaque. , 1972, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  J. Cowan,et al.  Excitatory and inhibitory interactions in localized populations of model neurons. , 1972, Biophysical journal.

[5]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Associative memory. A system-theoretical approach , 1977 .

[6]  D H Hubel,et al.  Brain mechanisms of vision. , 1979, Scientific American.

[7]  Wayne A. Wickelgren,et al.  Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks configuring in conditioning , 1979 .

[8]  H. Roediger,et al.  Memory metaphors in cognitive psychology , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[9]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  K-Lines: A theory of Memory , 1980, Cogn. Sci..

[10]  Geoffrey E. Hinton Shape Representation in Parallel Systems , 1981, IJCAI.

[11]  A G Barto,et al.  Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction. , 1981, Psychological review.

[12]  Professor Moshe Abeles,et al.  Local Cortical Circuits , 1982, Studies of Brain Function.

[13]  J J Hopfield,et al.  Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  Absolute stability of global pattern formation and parallel memory storage by competitive neural networks , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[15]  Allen Newell,et al.  Intellectual issues in the history of artificial intelligence , 1983 .

[16]  James A. Anderson,et al.  Cognitive and psychological computation with neural models , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[17]  J.A. Anderson,et al.  Theory of categorization based on distributed memory storage. , 1984 .

[18]  R. von der Heydt,et al.  Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. , 1984, Science.

[19]  M. Cynader,et al.  Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys , 1984, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[20]  P. Anandan,et al.  Pattern-recognizing stochastic learning automata , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[21]  G L Shaw,et al.  Model of cortical organization embodying a basis for a theory of information processing and memory recall. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Contour, color and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex , 1985, Vision Research.

[23]  J. Feldman Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[24]  Daniel Sabbah Computing with connections in visual recognition of origami objects , 1985 .

[25]  W. Daniel Hillis,et al.  The connection machine , 1985 .

[26]  J. Allman,et al.  Stimulus specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field: neurophysiological mechanisms for local-global comparisons in visual neurons. , 1985, Annual review of neuroscience.

[27]  M. Just,et al.  Cognitive coordinate systems: accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability. , 1985, Psychological review.

[28]  Terrence J. Sejnowski,et al.  Open questions about computation in cerebral cortex , 1986 .

[29]  Dana H. Ballard,et al.  Cortical connections and parallel processing: Structure and function , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[30]  Drew McDermott,et al.  Introduction to artificial intelligence , 1986, Addison-Wesley series in computer science.

[31]  D. Mumford Two tests for the value unit model: Multicell recordings and pointers , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[32]  G. Collins,et al.  Transcending inductive category formation in learning , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[33]  Richard F. Thompson The neurobiology of learning and memory. , 1986, Science.

[34]  Robert Wilensky Some Problems and Proposals for Knowledge Representation , 1987 .

[35]  D. O. Hebb,et al.  The organization of behavior , 1988 .