Web Page Textual Color Contrast Compensation for CVD Users Using Optimization Methods

With this paper, we propose two methods for color contrast compensation of the textual information contained in a web page using numerical optimization. The optimization process can be reduced to the minimization of a single objective function which aims to achieve an on-the-fly compensation inducing a small amount of change in the original colors. Mass-spring system based optimization and CMA-ES metaheuristics are compared with the problem in order to assess their efficiency for compensating the loss. Experiments conducted on real and artificial datasets, prove the methods efficiency even with a small number of evaluations. Also, the methods behaviour is bound to the amount of compensation needed.

[1]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  The CMA Evolution Strategy: A Comparing Review , 2006, Towards a New Evolutionary Computation.

[2]  Michele Colajanni,et al.  A Scalable Framework for the Support of Advanced Edge Services , 2005, HPCC.

[3]  William S. Slaughter The Linearized Theory of Elasticity , 2001 .

[4]  Raymond Ros,et al.  Black-box optimization benchmarking of NEWUOA compared to BIPOP-CMA-ES: on the BBOB noiseless testbed , 2010, GECCO '10.

[5]  Marc Parizeau,et al.  Evolutionary algorithms applied to lens design: case study and analysis , 2005, SPIE Optical Systems Design.

[6]  Julian F. Miller,et al.  Genetic and Evolutionary Computation — GECCO 2003 , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[7]  Dongil Han,et al.  Applying Enhanced Confusion Line Color Transform Using Color Segmentation for Mobile Applications , 2011, 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering.

[8]  Manuel Menezes de Oliveira Neto,et al.  An Efficient Naturalness-Preserving Image-Recoloring Method for Dichromats , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[9]  Manuel Menezes de Oliveira Neto,et al.  Real‐Time Temporal‐Coherent Color Contrast Enhancement for Dichromats , 2010, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[10]  Ruslan R. Fayzrakhmanov,et al.  Modelling web navigation with the user in mind , 2010, W4A.

[11]  J D Mollon,et al.  Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats. , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[12]  Dirk V. Arnold,et al.  A (1+1)-CMA-ES for constrained optimisation , 2012, GECCO '12.

[13]  D. Hermsdorf WebAdapter : A prototype of a WWW browser with new special needs adaptations , 1998 .

[14]  Pedro Larrañaga,et al.  Towards a New Evolutionary Computation - Advances in the Estimation of Distribution Algorithms , 2006, Towards a New Evolutionary Computation.

[15]  Artur Polinski,et al.  Color transformation methods for dichromats , 2010, 3rd International Conference on Human System Interaction.

[16]  Gabriela Ochoa,et al.  Heuristic design of cancer chemotherapies , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.

[17]  Haim Levkowitz,et al.  Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications , 1997 .

[18]  Manabu Ichikawa,et al.  Web-Page Color Modification for Barrier-Free Color Vision with Genetic Algorithm , 2003, GECCO.

[19]  Carole A. Goble,et al.  Accessibility: a Web engineering approach , 2005, WWW '05.

[20]  Sean Bechhofer,et al.  Combining SADIe and AxsJAX to improve the accessibility of web content , 2009, W4A.

[21]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  Evaluating the CMA Evolution Strategy on Multimodal Test Functions , 2004, PPSN.

[22]  Gail E. Kaiser,et al.  Extracting content from accessible web pages , 2005, W4A '05.

[23]  B. Sharma,et al.  International Centre for Mechanical Science , 1973 .

[24]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  A restart CMA evolution strategy with increasing population size , 2005, 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.

[25]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolution Strategies , 2001, Evolutionary Computation.

[26]  Sumeet Dua,et al.  Computational Analysis of the Human Eye with Applications , 2011 .

[27]  Anne Auger,et al.  Comparing results of 31 algorithms from the black-box optimization benchmarking BBOB-2009 , 2010, GECCO '10.

[28]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  The CMA Evolution Strategy: A Tutorial , 2016, ArXiv.

[29]  Riccardo Poli,et al.  Genetic and Evolutionary Computation , 2006, Intelligenza Artificiale.

[30]  Ken Wakita,et al.  SmartColor: disambiguation framework for the colorblind , 2005, Assets '05.

[31]  Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez-Pardo,et al.  Adaptive color visualization for dichromats using a customized hierarchical palette , 2011, Electronic Imaging.

[32]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  Benchmarking a BI-population CMA-ES on the BBOB-2009 function testbed , 2009, GECCO '09.

[33]  Nikolaus Hansen,et al.  Adapting arbitrary normal mutation distributions in evolution strategies: the covariance matrix adaptation , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation.

[34]  Silas S. Brown A World Wide Web Mediator for Users with Low Vision , 2001 .

[35]  Sean Bechhofer,et al.  A user evaluation of the SADIe transcoder , 2008, Assets '08.

[36]  Françoise Viénot,et al.  Digital video colourmaps for checking the legibility of displays by dichromats , 1999 .

[37]  Bambang Parmanto,et al.  Accessibility Transformation Gateway , 2005, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[38]  Carole A. Goble,et al.  DANTE: annotation and transformation of web pages for visually impaired users , 2004, WWW Alt. '04.

[39]  Vittorio Scarano,et al.  Efficient edge-services for colorblind users , 2006, WWW '06.

[40]  Carole A. Goble,et al.  Evaluating DANTE: Semantic transcoding for visually disabled users , 2007, TCHI.

[41]  Stefan Roth,et al.  Covariance Matrix Adaptation for Multi-objective Optimization , 2007, Evolutionary Computation.