Motion signals bias localization judgments : A unified 2 explanation for the flash-lag , flash-drag , flash-jump

13 In the flash-lag illusion, a moving object aligned with a flash is perceived to be offset in the direction of motion following the 14 flash. In the ‘‘flash-drag’’ illusion, a flash is mislocalized in the direction of nearbymotion. In the ‘‘flash-jump’’ illusion, a transient 15 change in the appearance of a moving object (e.g., color) is mislocalized in the direction of subsequent motion. Finally, in the 16 Frohlich illusion, the starting position of a suddenly appearing moving object is mislocalized in the direction of the subsequent 17 motion. We demonstrate, in a series of experiments, a unified explanation for all these illusions: Perceptual localization is 18 influenced by motion signals collected over È80 ms after a query is triggered. These demonstrations rule out ‘‘latency 19 difference’’ and asynchronous feature binding models, in which objects appear in their real positions but misaligned in time. 20 Instead, the illusions explored here are best understood as biases in localization caused by motion signals. We suggest that 21 motion biasing exists because it allows the visual system to account for neural processing delays by retrospectively ‘‘pushing’’ 22 an object closer to its true physical location, and we propose directions for exploring the neural mechanisms underlying the 23 dynamic updating of location by the activity of motion-sensitive neurons. 24