Simulation of paleocortex performs hierarchical clustering.

Simulations were performed of layers I and II of olfactory paleocortex, as connected to its primary input structure, olfactory bulb. Induction of synaptic long-term potentiation by means of repetitive sampling of inputs caused the simulation to organize encodings of learned cues into a hierarchical memory that uncovered statistical relationships in the cue environment, corresponding to the performance of hierarchical clustering by the biological network. Simplification led to characterization of those parts of the network responsible for the mechanism, resulting in a novel, efficient algorithm for hierarchical clustering. The hypothesis is put forward that these corticobulbar networks and circuitry of similar design in other brain regions contain computational elements sufficient to construct perceptual hierarchies for use in recognizing environmental cues.

[1]  G. Shepherd,et al.  Computer simulation of a dendrodendritic synaptic circuit for self- and lateral-inhibition in the olfactory bulb , 1979, Brain Research.

[2]  K. Mori.  Membrane and synaptic properties of identified neurons in the olfactory bulb , 1987, Progress in Neurobiology.

[3]  K. Miller,et al.  Ocular dominance column development: analysis and simulation. , 1989, Science.

[4]  R Linsker,et al.  From basic network principles to neural architecture: emergence of orientation-selective cells. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  Gary Lynch,et al.  Role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the induction of synaptic potentiation by burst stimulation patterned after the hippocampal θ-rhythm , 1988, Brain Research.

[6]  Wayne D. Gray,et al.  Basic objects in natural categories , 1976, Cognitive Psychology.

[7]  F. Macrides,et al.  Temporal relationships between hippocampal slow waves and exploratory sniffing in hamsters. , 1975, Behavioral biology.

[8]  L. Cooper,et al.  A physiological basis for a theory of synapse modification. , 1987, Science.

[9]  B. Slotnick,et al.  Olfactory Learning-Set Formation in Rats , 1974, Science.

[10]  G. Lynch,et al.  Evidence for synaptic potentiation in a cortical network during learning , 1987, Brain Research.

[11]  A. Scheibel,et al.  The organization of the nucleus reticularis thalami: a Golgi study. , 1966, Brain research.

[12]  W. T. Williams,et al.  A Generalized Sorting Strategy for Computer Classifications , 1966, Nature.

[13]  G. Lynch,et al.  Contributions of quisqualate and NMDA receptors to the induction and expression of LTP. , 1988, Science.

[14]  E. G. Jones,et al.  Some aspects of the organization of the thalamic reticular complex , 2004, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[15]  L. Haberly.  Neuronal circuitry in olfactory cortex: anatomy and functional implications , 1985 .

[16]  I. Biederman.  Perceiving Real-World Scenes , 1972, Science.

[17]  B. Slotnick,et al.  Role of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfactory discrimination learning in rats. , 1981, Science.

[18]  J. Price.  An autoradiographic study of complementary laminar patterns of termination of afferent fibers to the olfactory cortex , 1973, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[19]  Lennart Ljung,et al.  Analysis of recursive stochastic algorithms , 1977 .

[20]  R. Nicoll,et al.  Inhibitory mechanisms in the rabbit olfactory bulb: dendrodendritic mechanisms. , 1969, Brain research.

[21]  Joseph L. Price,et al.  The cortical projection of the olfactory bulb: development in fetal and neonatal rats correlated with quantitative variations in adult rats , 1978, Brain Research.

[22]  G. Lynch,et al.  Olfaction and the "data" memory system in rats. , 1987, Behavioral neuroscience.

[23]  M. Potter,et al.  Time to understand pictures and words , 1975, Nature.

[24]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Parallel visual computation , 1983, Nature.

[25]  Roman Bek,et al.  Discourse on one way in which a quantum-mechanics language on the classical logical base can be built up , 1978, Kybernetika.

[26]  J. Bower,et al.  Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory? , 1989, Trends in Neurosciences.

[27]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Pictures and names: Making the connection , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[28]  G. Shepherd,et al.  Synaptic excitation and long-lasting inhibition of mitral cells in the in vitro turtle olfactory bulb , 1979, Brain Research.

[29]  Terence D. Sanger,et al.  Optimal unsupervised learning in a single-layer linear feedforward neural network , 1989, Neural Networks.

[30]  J. Jennings,et al.  Olfactory Learning Set in Two Varieties of Domestic Rat , 1969, Psychological reports.

[31]  E. Oja,et al.  On stochastic approximation of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the expectation of a random matrix , 1985 .

[32]  W. Freeman,et al.  Changes in spatial patterns of rabbit olfactory EEG with conditioning to odors. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[33]  R Linsker,et al.  From basic network principles to neural architecture: emergence of orientation columns. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  J M Bower,et al.  Analysis of association fiber system in piriform cortex with intracellular recording and staining techniques. , 1984, Journal of neurophysiology.

[35]  R Linsker,et al.  From basic network principles to neural architecture: emergence of spatial-opponent cells. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  G. Lynch,et al.  Induction of synaptic potentiation in hippocampus by patterned stimulation involves two events. , 1986, Science.

[37]  L. Haberly,et al.  Characterization of synaptically mediated fast and slow inhibitory processes in piriform cortex in an in vitro slice preparation. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  F R Sharp,et al.  Laminar analysis of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex of rabbit and rat. , 1977, Journal of neurophysiology.

[39]  Lewis B. Haberly,et al.  The axonal projection patterns of the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb in the rat , 1977, Brain Research.