An Introduction to Latent Variable Models

1 General introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Latent variables and latent variable models.- 1.3 The role of models.- 1.4 The general latent model.- 1.5 A simple latent variable model.- 1.6 Estimation and goodness-of-fit.- 1.7 Path diagrams.- 1.8 Summary.- 2 Factor analysis.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis.- 2.3 The factor analysis model.- 2.4 Identifiability of the factor analysis model.- 2.5 Estimating the parameters in the factor analysis model.- 2.6 Goodness-of-fit tests.- 2.7 Rotation of factors.- 2.8 Numerical examples.- 2.9 Confirmatory factor analysis.- 2.10 Summary.- 3 The LISREL model.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The LISREL model.- 3.3 Identification.- 3.4 Estimating the parameters in the LISREL model.- 3.5 Instrumental variables.- 3.6 Numerical examples.- 3.7 Assessing goodness-of-fit.- 3.8 Multigroup analysis.- 3.9 Summary.- 4 Latent variable models for categorical data.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Factor analysis of binary variables.- 4.3 Latent structure models.- 4.4 Summary.- 5 Some final comments.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Assessing the fit of latent variable models by cross-validation procedures.- 5.3 Latent variables - fact or fiction?.- 5.4 Summary.- Appendix A Estimating the parameters in latent variable models a brief account of computational procedures.- Appendix B Computer programs for latent variable models.- Exercises.- References.