Auditory perception and cognition

In this article, the essential process of auditory perception and advocated for the integration of structural and functional knowledge of the auditory system is reviewed. A perspective, called the constructionist's paradigm, is suggested which looks at the neuron-anatomical structure for auditory perception in three essential stages with intermediate signal representations that allow interchangeable coupling to accommodate new and improved models within each individual stage. This article introduces to the signal processing audience the exciting new frontiers in auditory research, particularly functional neuroimaging. The discussion and collaboration among researchers in various disciplines is motivated for the ultimate understanding of the human auditory perception process which will eventually lead to many practical applications.

[1]  R. D. Patterson,et al.  Interdisciplinary auditory neuroscience , 1999, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[2]  L W Olsho,et al.  Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[3]  L J Trainor,et al.  Infants’ and adults’ use of duration and intensity cues in the segmentation of tone patterns , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[4]  S McAdams,et al.  Two phase effects in roughness perception. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[5]  M. R. Jones,et al.  Dynamic attending and responses to time. , 1989, Psychological review.

[6]  J. Cutting Auditory and linguistic processes in speech perception: inferences from six fusions in dichotic listening. , 1976, Psychological review.

[7]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  Perceptual organization of complex auditory sequences: effect of number of simultaneous subsequences and frequency separation. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[8]  E. C. Cmm,et al.  on the Recognition of Speech, with , 2008 .

[9]  B A Wright,et al.  Comodulation masking release in a forward-masking paradigm. , 1987, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[10]  Risto N t nen Attention and brain function , 1992 .

[11]  B. Morrongiello,et al.  Auditory sensitivity in preschool children. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  A. A. Mullin,et al.  Principles of neurodynamics , 1962 .

[13]  E. N. Sokolov Higher nervous functions; the orienting reflex. , 1963, Annual review of physiology.

[14]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[15]  M. Posner,et al.  Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. , 1988, Science.

[16]  A S Bregman,et al.  An experimental evaluation of three theories of auditory stream segregation , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[17]  J. M. Ackroff,et al.  Auditory Induction: Perceptual Synthesis of Absent Sounds , 1972, Science.

[18]  J. Pickles An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing , 1982 .

[19]  A. Spanias,et al.  Perceptual coding of digital audio , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[20]  C. Drake,et al.  The Quest for Universals in Temporal Processing in Music , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[21]  Reinier Plomp,et al.  Aspects of tone sensation : a psychophysical study , 1976 .

[22]  A B Rostron,et al.  Brief auditory storage: a modification of Sperling's paradigm applied to audition. , 1972, Acta psychologica.

[23]  N. Cowan Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[24]  L. Collet,et al.  Attention and otoacoustic emissions: A review , 1994, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[25]  Charles Darwin,et al.  Effects of contralateral presentation and of interaural time differences in segregating a harmonic from a vowel , 1995 .

[26]  C. Krumhansl,et al.  Melodic Expectation in Finnish Spiritual Folk Hymns: Convergence of Statistical, Behavioral, and Computational Approaches , 1999 .

[27]  S. Gordon-Salant,et al.  Auditory temporal order perception in younger and older adults. , 1998, Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.

[28]  Karen Donders,et al.  The detection of anisochrony in monaural and interaural sound sequences , 1994, Perception & psychophysics.

[29]  J. W. Gordon,et al.  Perceptual effects of spectral modifications on musical timbres , 1978 .

[30]  P G Singh Perceptual organization of complex-tone sequences: a tradeoff between pitch and timbre? , 1987, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[31]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  Psychophysical quantification of individual differences in timbre perception , 2000 .

[32]  Fernando R Nodal,et al.  Training-Induced Plasticity of Auditory Localization in Adult Mammals , 2006, PLoS biology.

[33]  R M Church,et al.  Properties of the Internal Clock a , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[34]  Carolyn Drake,et al.  Sources of timing variations in music performance: A psychological segmentation model , 1998 .

[35]  Alex M. Andrew Spiking Neuron Models: Single Neurons, Populations, Plasticity , 2003 .

[36]  C. Darwin,et al.  The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a Human Experimental Psychology Perceptual Grouping of Speech Components Differing in Fundamental Frequency and Onset-time Perceptual Grouping of Speech Components Differing in Fundamental Frequency and Onset-time , 2022 .

[37]  R C Folsom,et al.  The development of frequency resolution in humans as revealed by the auditory brain-stem response recorded with notched-noise masking. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  R K Clifton,et al.  Infants' pitch perception: inharmonic tonal complexes. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[39]  A. Slawson Vowel quality and musical timbre as functions of spectrum envelope and fundamental frequency. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[40]  S. G. Nooteboom,et al.  Intonation and the perceptual separation of simultaneous voices , 1982 .

[41]  A M Liberman,et al.  Perception of the speech code. , 1967, Psychological review.

[42]  S E Trehub,et al.  Organizational processes in infants' perception of auditory patterns. , 1987, Child development.

[43]  C. Darwin,et al.  Grouping in pitch perception: effects of onset asynchrony and ear of presentation of a mistuned component. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[44]  R. Carlyon,et al.  Discriminating between coherent and incoherent frequency modulation of complex tones. , 1991, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[45]  W. Ritter,et al.  Attention affects the organization of auditory input associated with the mismatch negativity system , 1998, Brain Research.

[46]  Carolyn Drake,et al.  Perceptual attenuation of nonfocused auditory streams , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[47]  Jont B. Allen,et al.  Nonlinear cochlear signal processing , 2001 .

[48]  Paul Fraisse,et al.  Les structures rythmiques , 1960 .

[49]  David J. Getty,et al.  Discrimination of short temporal intervals: A comparison of two models , 1975 .

[50]  R. G. Crowder,et al.  Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS) , 1969 .

[51]  H H Schulze,et al.  The perception of temporal deviations in isochronic patterns , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[52]  C Alain,et al.  Selectively attending to auditory objects. , 2000, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[53]  R N Aslin,et al.  Frequency and intensity discrimination in human infants and adults. , 1985, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[54]  Constantinos S. Pattichis,et al.  Classification capacity of a modular neural network implementing neurally inspired architecture and training rules , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[55]  H. Bastian Sensation and Perception.—I , 1869, Nature.

[56]  Karl Magnus Petersson,et al.  Functional maps and brain networks , 2000 .

[57]  A. Kameoka,et al.  Consonance theory part II: consonance of complex tones and its calculation method. , 1969, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[58]  P A Cabe,et al.  Human sensitivity to acoustic information from vessel filling. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[59]  C. Drake,et al.  Tempo sensitivity in auditory sequences: Evidence for a multiple-look model , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[60]  R J Nozza,et al.  Masked and unmasked pure-tone thresholds of infants and adults: development of auditory frequency selectivity and sensitivity. , 1984, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[61]  Richard Lippmann,et al.  Speech recognition by machines and humans , 1997, Speech Commun..

[62]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  Perceptual Analysis of Vibrating Bars Synthesized with a Physical Model , 1998 .

[63]  J. Douglas Carroll,et al.  A quasi-nonmetric method for multidimensional scaling VIA an extended euclidean model , 1989 .

[64]  L. F. Willems,et al.  Measurement of pitch in speech: an implementation of Goldstein's theory of pitch perception. , 1982, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[65]  W. Jay Dowling,et al.  The Development of Perception of Interleaved Melodies and Control of Auditory Attention , 1991 .

[66]  W. Strong,et al.  Synthesis of Wind‐Instrument Tones , 1967 .

[67]  R. Meddis,et al.  Time decay of auditory stream biasing , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[68]  M. R. Jones Dynamic pattern structure in music: Recent theory and research , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[69]  G. A. Miller,et al.  An experimental study of auditory patterns. , 1951, The American journal of psychology.

[70]  R. W. Hukin,et al.  Auditory objects of attention: the role of interaural time differences. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[71]  Michael M. Merzenich,et al.  Orderly representation of the cochlea within primary auditory cortex in the cat , 1974 .

[72]  S. Lakatos A common perceptual space for harmonic and percussive timbres , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[73]  A S Bregman,et al.  Auditory streaming is cumulative. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[74]  Caroline Palmer,et al.  Accent structures in music performance. , 1993 .

[75]  S. Trehub,et al.  Infants' perception of melodies: the role of melodic contour. , 1984, Child development.

[76]  van de Geer Levelt Effect of Frequency Ratio on Infants ' and Adults ' Discrimination of Simultaneous Intervals , 2001 .

[77]  R. M. Warren Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds , 1970, Science.

[78]  C. Drake,et al.  The development of rhythmic attending in auditory sequences: attunement, referent period, focal attending , 2000, Cognition.

[79]  Stuart Anstis,et al.  Adaptation to auditory streaming of frequency-modulated tones. , 1985 .

[80]  M. Mendelson,et al.  Infants' categorization of melodic contour , 1986 .

[81]  Anthony Randal McIntosh,et al.  Towards a network theory of cognition , 2000, Neural Networks.

[82]  R. B. Gardner,et al.  Perceptual grouping of formants with static and dynamic differences in fundamental frequency , 1989 .

[83]  Brian R Glasberg,et al.  Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data , 1990, Hearing Research.

[84]  C. Krumhansl,et al.  Cross-cultural music cognition: cognitive methodology applied to North Sami yoiks , 2000, Cognition.

[85]  Hugo Fastl,et al.  Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models , 1990 .

[86]  Hamid Sheikhzadeh,et al.  A layered neural network interfaced with a cochlear model for the study of speech encoding in the auditory system , 1999, Comput. Speech Lang..

[87]  Masakazu Konishi,et al.  Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (Tyto alba) , 1979, Journal of comparative physiology.

[88]  A B Kristofferson,et al.  A quantal step function in duration discrimination , 1980, Perception & psychophysics.

[89]  C. Drake,et al.  A psychological pulse train: how young children use this cognitive framework to structure simple rhythms , 1989, Psychological research.

[90]  A. Reeves,et al.  Focused auditory attention and frequency selectivity , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[91]  Lorraine G. Allan,et al.  The Internal Clock Revisited , 1992 .

[92]  S McAdams,et al.  Organization and discrimination of repeating sound sequences by newborn infants. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[93]  David F. Preusser,et al.  The effect of structure and rate on the recognition and description of auditory temporal patterns , 1972 .

[94]  Peter Essens,et al.  Perception of Temporal Patterns , 1985 .

[95]  Carol L. Krumhansl,et al.  Perceiving Musical Time , 1990 .

[96]  Leon van Noorden,et al.  Minimum differences of level and frequency for perceptual fission of tone sequences ABAB , 1977 .

[97]  E. B. Newman,et al.  A Scale for the Measurement of the Psychological Magnitude Pitch , 1937 .

[98]  Suzanne Winsberg,et al.  A latent class approach to fitting the weighted Euclidean model, clascal , 1993 .

[99]  Caroline Palmer,et al.  Accent Structures in the Reproduction of Simple Tunes by Children and Adult Pianists , 1991 .

[100]  W. Ritter,et al.  An investigation of the auditory streaming effect using event-related brain potentials. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[101]  L A JEFFRESS,et al.  A place theory of sound localization. , 1948, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[102]  A S Bregman,et al.  The effects of auditory streaming on duplex perception , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[103]  A. S. Bregman Using brief glimpses to decompose mixtures , 1991 .

[104]  A S Bregman,et al.  Cumulation of the tendency to segregate auditory streams: Resetting by changes in location and loudness , 1998, Perception & psychophysics.

[105]  D. Deutsch Two-channel listening to musical scales. , 1975, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[106]  David Huron,et al.  The Avoidance of Inner-Voice Entries: Perceptual Evidence and Musical Practice , 1989 .

[107]  Thomas M. Talavage,et al.  Functional MRI of the Auditory System , 2000 .

[108]  R. Jackendoff,et al.  A Generative Theory of Tonal Music , 1985 .

[109]  Peter Desain,et al.  A (De)Composable Theory of Rhythm Perception , 1992 .

[110]  D. Pressnitzer,et al.  Perception of musical tension for nontonal orchestral timbres and its relation to psychoacoustic roughness , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[111]  R. Näätänen The Mismatch Negativity: A Powerful Tool for Cognitive Neuroscience , 1995, Ear and hearing.

[112]  A. Bregman Auditory streaming: Competition among alternative organizations , 1978, Perception & psychophysics.

[113]  L. V. Noorden Temporal coherence in the perception of tone sequences , 1975 .

[114]  C E Schreiner,et al.  Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: distribution of integrated excitation. , 1990, Journal of neurophysiology.

[115]  Q. Summerfield,et al.  Modeling the perception of concurrent vowels: vowels with different fundamental frequencies. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[116]  R. Carlyon,et al.  The psychophysics of concurrent sound segregation. , 1992, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[117]  Yoshitaka Nakajima,et al.  Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound Albert S. Bregman , 1992 .

[118]  B Schneider,et al.  High-frequency sensitivity in infants. , 1980, Science.

[119]  David Wessel,et al.  Timbre Space as a Musical Control Structure , 1979 .

[120]  J. Culling,et al.  Auditory segregation of competing voices: absence of effects of FM or AM coherence. , 1992, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[121]  D M Green,et al.  Detecting temporal onset and offset asynchrony in multicomponent complexes. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[122]  Alain de Cheveigné,et al.  Waveform interactions and the segregation of concurrent vowels , 1999 .

[123]  S. Shamma,et al.  Organization of response areas in ferret primary auditory cortex. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[124]  C. Drake,et al.  Reproduction of musical rhythms by children, adult musicians, and adult nonmusicians , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[125]  A S Bregman,et al.  The influence of different timbre attributes on the perceptual segregation of complex-tone sequences. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[126]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  Detection of temporal gaps within and between perceptual tonal groups , 1974 .

[127]  C. M. Marin,et al.  Concurrent vowel identification II: Effects of phase, harmonicity and task , 1997 .

[128]  M. Treisman Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval. Implications for a model of the "internal clock". , 1963, Psychological monographs.

[129]  A. Bregman,et al.  Primary auditory stream segregation and perception of order in rapid sequences of tones. , 1971, Journal of experimental psychology.

[130]  T. C. Rand,et al.  Dichotic release from masking for speech , 1974 .

[131]  P. Essens,et al.  Metrical and nonmetrical representations of temporal patterns , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[132]  S E Trehub,et al.  Aging and auditory temporal sequencing: Ordering the elements of repeating tone patterns , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[133]  Walter J Dowling,et al.  Rhythmic groups and subjective chunks in memory for melodies , 1973 .

[134]  W. Jay Dowling,et al.  Development of Musical Schemata in Children's Spontaneous Singing , 1984 .

[135]  C. Douglas Creelman,et al.  Human Discrimination of Auditory Duration , 1962 .

[136]  R B Gardner,et al.  Mistuning a harmonic of a vowel: grouping and phase effects on vowel quality. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[137]  C. Palmer Mapping musical thought to musical performance. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[138]  Curt Sachs Rhythm and tempo , 1953 .

[139]  Sandra E. Trehub,et al.  Duration Illusion and Auditory Grouping in Infancy , 1989 .

[140]  G. A. Miller THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[141]  K M Berg A comparison of thresholds for 1/3-octave filtered clicks and noise bursts in infants and adults , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[142]  Alain de Cheveigné,et al.  Separation of concurrent harmonic sounds: Fundamental frequency estimation and a time-domain cancell , 1993 .

[143]  C. Darwin,et al.  Effects of frequency and amplitude modulation on the pitch of a complex tone with a mistuned harmonic. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[144]  B. Milner,et al.  A Cross-Linguistic PET Study of Tone Perception in Mandarin Chinese and English Speakers , 2001, NeuroImage.

[145]  C J Darwin,et al.  Duration discrimination in a series of rhythmic events , 1982, Perception & psychophysics.

[146]  Mari Riess Jones,et al.  Sensitivity to time change : The role of context and skill , 1997 .

[147]  C. Drake Psychological Processes Involved in the Temporal Organization of Complex Auditory Sequences: Universal and Acquired Processes , 1998 .

[148]  Kuansan Wang,et al.  Spectral shape analysis in the central auditory system , 1995, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[149]  J Mates,et al.  The Perceptual Centre of a Stimulus as the Cue for Synchronization to a Metronome: Evidence from Asynchronies , 1995, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[150]  T. Imig,et al.  Binaural columns in the primary field (A1) of cat auditory cortex , 1977, Brain Research.

[151]  Richard F. Lyon,et al.  A computational model of filtering, detection, and compression in the cochlea , 1982, ICASSP.

[152]  G. Kane Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, vol 1: Foundations, vol 2: Psychological and Biological Models , 1994 .

[153]  S E Trehub,et al.  Infants' perception of timbre: classification of complex tones by spectral structure. , 1990, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[154]  Józef Zwislocki-Mościcki,et al.  Theorie der Schneckenmechanik: qualitative und quantitative Analyse , 1948 .

[155]  D. Deutsch,et al.  The Internal Representation of Pitch Sequences in Tonal Music , 1981 .

[156]  A S Bregman,et al.  Stream segregation and the illusion of overlap. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[157]  C. Krumhansl,et al.  Isolating the dynamic attributes of musical timbre. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[158]  R. Plomp,et al.  Tonal consonance and critical bandwidth. , 1965, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[159]  R P Carlyon Detecting mistuning in the presence of synchronous and asynchronous interfering sounds. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[160]  S. Handel Listening As Introduction to the Perception of Auditory Events , 1989 .

[161]  Daniel P. W. Ellis,et al.  The auditory organization of speech and other sources in listeners and computational models , 2001, Speech Commun..

[162]  F. Wightman,et al.  Effects of signal and masker uncertainty on children's detection. , 1995, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[163]  D M Green,et al.  Signal and masker uncertainty with noise maskers of varying duration, bandwidth, and center frequency. , 1982, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[164]  L. Demany Auditory stream segregation in infancy , 1982 .

[165]  M G Boltz Effects of event structure on retrospective duration judgments , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[166]  N. Cowan,et al.  The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: how frequent are attention shifts to one's name in an irrelevant auditory channel? , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[167]  Oded Ghitza,et al.  Temporal non-place information in the auditory-nerve firing patterns as a front-end for speech recognition in a noisy environment , 1988 .

[168]  K M Berg,et al.  Behavioral thresholds for tones during infancy. , 1983, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[169]  William J. Strong,et al.  Perturbations of Synthetic Orchestral Wind‐Instrument Tones , 1967 .

[170]  B. Repp Probing the cognitive representation of musical time: Structural constraints on the perception of timing perturbations , 1992, Cognition.

[171]  B. Scharf,et al.  Auditory attention: the psychoacoustical approach , 1998 .

[172]  B. Moore,et al.  Relative dominance of individual partials in determining the pitch of complex tones , 1985 .

[173]  A. Oxenham,et al.  Sequential stream segregation in the absence of spectral cues. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[174]  Thomas H. Stoffer,et al.  Representation of Phrase Structure in the Perception of Music , 1985 .

[175]  R. W. Hukin,et al.  Comparison of the effect of onset asynchrony on auditory grouping in pitch matching and vowel identification , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[176]  P. Coleman,et al.  Experiments in hearing , 1961 .

[177]  Daniel Reisberg,et al.  On the Perception of Interleaved Melodies , 1995 .

[178]  C. Drake,et al.  Tapping in Time with Mechanically and Expressively Performed Music , 2000 .

[179]  C. Darwin Perceiving vowels in the presence of another sound: constraints on formant perception. , 1984, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[180]  J. Culling,et al.  Perceptual separation of concurrent speech sounds: absence of across-frequency grouping by common interaural delay. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[181]  Lynne A. Werner,et al.  The relationship between auditory brainstem response and behavioral thresholds in normal hearing infants and adults , 1993, Hearing Research.

[182]  Philip H Smith,et al.  Coincidence Detection in the Auditory System 50 Years after Jeffress , 1998, Neuron.

[183]  J. A. Michon,et al.  Time Experience and Memory Processes , 1975 .

[184]  M. Boltz,et al.  Task predictability and remembered duration , 1998, Perception & psychophysics.

[185]  W. Hartmann Pitch Perception and the Segregation and Integration of Auditory Entities , 1988 .

[186]  C. Darwin,et al.  The role of timbre in the segregation of simultaneous voices with intersecting F0 contours , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[187]  J Pernier,et al.  Neurophysiological mechanisms of auditory selective attention in humans. , 2000, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[188]  P R Killeen,et al.  Optimal timing and the Weber function. , 1987, Psychological review.

[189]  R. Rasch,et al.  The perceptual onset of musical tones , 1981, Perception & psychophysics.

[190]  G. Soete,et al.  Perceptual scaling of synthesized musical timbres: Common dimensions, specificities, and latent subject classes , 1995, Psychological research.

[191]  A. Chaigne,et al.  Numerical simulations of xylophones. I. Time-domain modeling of the vibrating bars , 1997 .

[192]  Albert S. Bregman,et al.  Auditory scene analysis : hearing in complex environments , 1993 .

[193]  Gary L. Dannenbring,et al.  The effect of continuity on auditory stream segregation , 1973 .

[194]  S. Winsberg,et al.  A Multidimensional Technique for Sound Quality . A . ssessment , 2008 .

[195]  H. C. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  The Rhythmic Interpretation of Monophonic Music , 1984 .

[196]  J. Allen,et al.  Cochlear micromechanics--a physical model of transduction. , 1980, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[197]  Steven Greenberg,et al.  Speech Processing in the Auditory System: An Overview , 2004 .

[198]  S. McAdams,et al.  Perception of timbral analogies. , 1992, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[199]  B. Moore,et al.  Thresholds for the detection of inharmonicity in complex tones. , 1985, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[200]  M Steinschneider,et al.  Complex tone processing in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey. I. Neural ensemble correlates of roughness. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[201]  Carolyn Drake Perceptual and performed accents in musical sequences. , 1991 .

[202]  S. McAdams Segregation of concurrent sounds. I: Effects of frequency modulation coherence. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[203]  R. Meddis Simulation of mechanical to neural transduction in the auditory receptor. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[204]  Kuansan Wang,et al.  Auditory representations of acoustic signals , 1992, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[205]  S McAdams,et al.  Identification of concurrent harmonic and inharmonic vowels: a test of the theory of harmonic cancellation and enhancement. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[206]  Ray Meddis,et al.  A revised model of the inner-hair cell and auditory-nerve complex. , 2002, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[207]  E. Terhardt On the perception of periodic sound fluctuations (roughness) , 1974 .

[208]  Douglas Johnson,et al.  Stream Segregation and Peripheral Channeling , 1991 .

[209]  F. T. Husain,et al.  Relating neuronal dynamics for auditory object processing to neuroimaging activity: a computational modeling and an fMRI study , 2004, NeuroImage.

[210]  D M Green,et al.  Profile analysis: critical bands and duration. , 1984, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[211]  P. Essens,et al.  Structuring temporal sequences: Comparison of models and factors of complexity , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[212]  Marsha G. Clarkson,et al.  Infants' perception of pitch: Number of harmonics , 1996 .

[213]  S E Trehub,et al.  Age-related changes in auditory temporal perception. , 1987, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[214]  L Collet,et al.  Influence of peripheral resolvability on the perceptual segregation of harmonic complex tones differing in fundamental frequency. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[215]  T. Picton,et al.  Bottom-up and top-down influences on auditory scene analysis: evidence from event-related brain potentials. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[216]  Bruce A. Schneider,et al.  Behavioral Assessment of Basic Auditory Abilities , 1985 .

[217]  S. Pinker,et al.  Auditory streaming and the building of timbre. , 1978, Canadian journal of psychology.

[218]  R. Caussé,et al.  The representation of auditory source characteristics: simple geometric form. , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[219]  Péter Érdi,et al.  The Complexity of the Brain: Structural, Functional, and Dynamic Modules , 2001, Emergent Neural Computational Architectures Based on Neuroscience.

[220]  W H Warren,et al.  Auditory perception of breaking and bouncing events: a case study in ecological acoustics. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[221]  R Meddis,et al.  Simulation of auditory-neural transduction: further studies. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[222]  Piet G. Vos,et al.  Perceived tempo change is dependent on base tempo and direction of change: Evidence for a generalized version of Schulze's (1978) internal beat model , 1997 .

[223]  P J Bailey,et al.  Regularity of spectral pattern and its effects on the perceptual fusion of harmonics , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[224]  L. W. Olsho,et al.  Infant auditory perception: Tonal masking , 1985 .

[225]  L. Demany,et al.  The perceptual reality of tone chroma in early infancy. , 1984, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[226]  Christopher S. Lee The perception of metrical structure: Experimental evidence and a new model , 1987 .

[227]  Roger A. Kendall,et al.  The effect of melodic and temporal contour on recognition memory for pitch change , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[228]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Neural modeling and functional brain imaging: an overview , 2000, Neural Networks.

[229]  J. Grey Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbres. , 1977, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[230]  J A Bashford,et al.  Spectral restoration of speech: Intelligibility is increased by inserting noise in spectral gaps , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[231]  Pierre L. Divenyi,et al.  Discrimination of time intervals marked by brief acoustic pulses of various intensities and spectra , 1977 .

[232]  F. Gonzalez-Lima,et al.  Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging , 1994 .

[233]  C. Darwin,et al.  Lateralization of a perturbed harmonic: effects of onset asynchrony and mistuning. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[234]  J. Sloboda The Musical Mind: The Cognitive Psychology of Music , 1987 .

[235]  N. Sutherland,et al.  Grouping Frequency Components of Vowels: When is a Harmonic not a Harmonic? , 1984 .

[236]  Jonathon D. Crystal,et al.  The psychology of time , 2007, Behavioural Processes.

[237]  Brian Roberts,et al.  Spectral pattern and the perceptual fusion of harmonics. I. The role of temporal factors , 1993 .

[238]  A S Bregman,et al.  Auditory grouping based on fundamental frequency and formant peak frequency. , 1990, Canadian journal of psychology.

[239]  M. Raichle A Brief History of Human Functional Brain Mapping , 2000 .

[240]  Richard N Aslin,et al.  A Comparison of Pure Tone Auditory Thresholds in Human Infants and Adults. , 1983, Infant behavior & development.

[241]  P. Iverson,et al.  Auditory stream segregation by musical timbre: effects of static and dynamic acoustic attributes. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[242]  N. Moray Attention in Dichotic Listening: Affective Cues and the Influence of Instructions , 1959 .

[243]  C. Schreiner,et al.  Modular organization of frequency integration in primary auditory cortex. , 2000, Annual review of neuroscience.

[244]  B C Moore,et al.  The role of spectral and periodicity cues in auditory stream segregation, measured using a temporal discrimination task. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[245]  M Boltz,et al.  Effects of background music on the remembering of filmed events , 1991, Memory & cognition.

[246]  B A Schneider,et al.  Auditory sensitivity in school-age children. , 1988, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[247]  W S McCulloch,et al.  A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity , 1990, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[248]  S McAdams,et al.  Auditory continuity and loudness computation. , 1998, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[249]  J. Jensen,et al.  Development of Basic Auditory Discrimination in Preschool Children , 1993 .

[250]  A. Bregman,et al.  Effects of the pattern of spectral spacing on the perceptual fusion of harmonics , 1990 .

[251]  M. Jones,et al.  Attending to auditory events: The role of temporal organization. , 1993 .

[252]  S. McAdams,et al.  Auditory Cognition. (Book Reviews: Thinking in Sound. The Cognitive Psychology of Human Audition.) , 1993 .

[253]  J. F. Corso,et al.  Timbre Cues and the Identification of Musical Instruments , 1962 .

[254]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  AN EFFECT OF THE COHERENCE BETWEEN ENVELOPES ACROSS FREQUENCY REGIONS ON THE PERCEPTION OF ROUGHNESS , 2004 .

[255]  Masakazu Konishi Sound Localization in the Barn Owl , 1971 .

[256]  C. Drake,et al.  Skill acquisition in music performance: relations between planning and temporal control , 2000, Cognition.

[257]  Carol L. Krumhansl,et al.  Infants’ Perception of Phrase Structure in Music , 1990 .